Yılmaz, MeteFoss, Amanda J.Selwood, Andrew I.Boundy, Michael J.2023-10-102023-10-102018-06-15Yılmaz, M. vd. (2018). ''Paralytic shellfish toxin producing aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from Lake Iznik, Turkey''. Toxicon, 148, 132-142.0041-01011879-3150https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.028https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041010118301715?via%3Dihubhttp://hdl.handle.net/11452/34276Aphanizomenon gracile is one of the most widespread Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST) producing cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies in the Northern Hemisphere. It has been shown to produce various PST congeners, including saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NEO), decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5) in Europe, North America and Asia. Three cyanobacteria strains were isolated in Lake Iznik in northwestern Turkey. Morphological characterization of these strains suggested all three strains conformed to classical taxonomic identification of A. gracile with some differences such as clumping of filaments, partially hyaline cells in some filaments and longer than usual vegetative cells. Sequences of 16S rRNA gene of these strains were placed within an A. gracile cluster including the majority of PST producing strains, confirming the identification of these strains as A. gracile. These new strains possessed saxitoxin biosynthesis genes sxtA, sxtG and their sequences clustered with those of other A. gracile. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis demonstrated the presence of NEO, STX, dcSTX and decarbamoylneosaxitoxin (dcNEO) in all strains. This is the first report of a PST producer in any water body in Turkey and first observation of dcNEO in an A. gracile culture.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessPharmacology & pharmacyToxicologyAphanizomenon gracileDecarbamoylneosaxitoxinLake IznikNeosaxitoxinParalytic shellfish toxinSaxitoxinCyanobacterial genera anabaenaFlos-aquaeCylindrospermopsis-raciborskii1st reportSaxitoxin productionNostocalesPhylogenySubstitutionsDiversityNortheastAphanizomenonGenes, bacterialLakesPhylogenyRNA, ribosomal, 16SSaxitoxinSequence analysis, DNATurkeyArticle0004347453000162-s2.0-8504617170513214214829705145Pharmacology & pharmacyToxicologyCylindrospermopsin; Raphidiopsis; Algal BloomDecarbamoylsaxitoxinGonyautoxinGonyautoxin 5NeosaxitoxinParalytic shellfish toxinRNA 16SSaxitoxinShellfish toxinUnclassified drugRNA 16SAphanizomenonAphanizomenon gracileArticleBacterial cellBacterial geneBacterial straiBacterium isolationCollagen fibrilFreshwater algaGene clusterGene sequenceLiquid chromatography-mass spectrometryMicrobial morphologyNonhumanNucleotide sequencePhylogenyPriority journalSxtA geneSxtG geneTaxonomic identificationToxin analysisToxin synthesisTurkey (republic)Analogs and derivativesAphanizomenonBiosynthesisChemistryClassificationDNA sequenceGeneticsLakeMicrobiologyTurkey (bird)