2022-03-172022-03-172010-06Türkkan, A. vd. (2010). "Citicoline and postconditioning provides neuroprotection in a rat model of ischemic spinal cord injury". Acta Neurochirurgica, 152(6), 1033-1042.0001-62680942-0940https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-010-0598-5https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-010-0598-5http://hdl.handle.net/11452/25135Ischemic spinal cord injury is a chain of events caused by the reduction and/or cessation of spinal cord blood flow, which results in neuronal degeneration and loss. Ischemic postconditioning is defined as a series of intermittent interruptions of blood flow in the early phase of reperfusion and has been shown to reduce the infarct size in cerebral ischemia. Our study aimed to characterize the relationship between the neuronal injury-decreasing effects of citicoline and ischemic postconditioning, which were proven to be effective against the apoptotic process. Spinal cord ischemia was produced in rats using an intrathoracic approach to implement the synchronous arcus aorta and subclavian artery clipping method. In our study, 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats (309 +/- 27 g) were used. Animals were divided into sham operated, spinal ischemia, citicoline, postconditioning, and postconditioning citicoline groups. Postconditioning was generated by six cycles of 1 min occlusion/5 min reperfusion. A 600 mmol/kg dose of citicoline was given intraperitoneally before ischemia in the citicoline and postconditioning citicoline groups. All rats were sacrificed 96 h after reperfusion. For immunohistochemical analysis, bcl-2, caspase 3, caspase 9, and bax immune staining were performed. Caspase 3, caspase 9, bax, and bcl-2 were used as apoptotic and antiapoptotic markers, respectively. The blood pressure values obtained at the onset of reperfusion were significantly lower than the preischemic values. A difference in immunohistochemical scoring was detected between the caspase 3, caspase 9, bax, and bcl-2 groups. When comparisons between the ischemia (groups 2, 3, 4, and 5) and sham groups (group 1) were performed, a significant increase in caspase 3, caspase 9, bax, and bcl-2 was detected. When comparing the subgroups, the average score of caspase 9 was found to be significantly higher in ischemia group 2. The average score of bcl-2 was also found to be significantly higher in postconditioning and citicoline group 5. It is thus thought that combining citicoline with postconditioning provides protection by inhibiting the caspase pathway and by increasing the antiapoptotic proteins.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessApoptosisCiticolinePostconditioningSpinal cord ischemiaCerebrospinal-fluid drainageCDP-cholineReperfusion injuryCerebral-ischemiaThoracoabdominal aortaFocal ischemiaCirculatory arrestCaspase activationAneurysm repairBrain-damageNeurosciences & neurologySurgery1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinaseAlgorithmsAnimalsApoptosisBcl-2-associated X proteinCaspase 3Caspase 9Cytidine diphosphate cholineEnzyme activationIschemic preconditioningMaleMotor neuronsNeuroprotective agentsNootropic agentsOxidative stressProto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2RatsRats, sprague-dawleyReperfusion injurySpinal cordSpinal cord ischemiaArticle0002777833000142-s2.0-7795302022410331042152620112033Clinical neurologySurgeryThoracic Aorta Aneurysm; Spinal Cord Ischemia; EndoleakBiological markerCaspase 3Caspase 9CiticolineProtein baxProtein bcl 2Animal experimentAnimal modelAnimal tissueAorta archApoptosisArtery clampArticleBlood pressureControlled studyImmunohistochemistryIschemic preconditioningMaleNeuroprotectionNonhumanPriority journalRatReperfusionScoring systemSpinal cord injurySpinal cord ischemiaSubclavian artery