Reis, MuratŞerifagaoğlu, Emre2024-09-122024-09-122022-11-01https://doi.org/10.3390/app122111137https://hdl.handle.net/11452/44665In producing custom-made systems, using a robotic welding line that can fine-tune welding parameters is not economical, and laser welding is usually done manually. The most common operator error in manual welding operations is the angular positioning error between the laser beam and the plate surface. This study introduces a smart handheld welding torch device that assists the welding operator with visual warnings. It measures the sheet surface angle to eliminate angular positioning errors, calculates the appropriate torch holding angles accordingly, and helps the laser welding process with the right angle. For this purpose, this study focused on micro-laser spot welding applications of stainless (inox) kitchen and hotel equipment, and the effect of angular positioning errors on the welding quality was investigated experimentally. Experiments show that when the angle between the surface normal and the welding torch is smaller than the critical welding angle, heat-induced traces or micro-deformations occur on the visible surface of the thin stainless material. In addition, there is a significant decrease in the weld quality, since a large enough weld area cannot be created at large values of this angle. The optimum torch angle range was determined using experimental results for the available laser welding parameters. With a standard welding torch and the smart torch, the welding operator was allowed to repeat the same task, and the payloads of the samples prepared in this way were measured. Test results show that using a smart welding torch with an angular positioning assist system significantly improves welding quality. Breaking force values vary in a wide range of welds made with a standard welding torch, and visual problems such as burning, puncture, and swelling are encountered on the visible surfaces of many samples with high strength values. When the developed smart torch was used, the breaking force remained within the desired reference range, and no visual defects were found in any sample.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAisi 304StainlessSheet metalLaser weldingSmart torchVisual weldingSpot weldingScience & technologyPhysical sciencesTechnologyChemistry, multidisciplinaryEngineering, multidisciplinaryMaterials science, multidisciplinaryPhysics, appliedChemistryEngineeringMaterials sciencePhysicsArticle000883362300001https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/21/11137122110.3390/app1221111372076-3417