2022-06-132022-06-132015-09-01Karakaş, D. vd. (2015). "Addition of niclosamide to palladium(II) saccharinate complex of terpyridine results in enhanced cytotoxic activity inducing apoptosis on cancer stem cells of breast cancer". Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 23(17), 5580-5586.0968-0896https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.026https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968089615006100http://hdl.handle.net/11452/27109Wnt signaling is one of the core signaling pathways of cancer stem cells (CSCs). It is re-activated in CSCs and plays essential role in the survival, self-renewal and proliferation of these cells. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of palladium(II) complex which is formulated as [PdCl(terpy)](sac)2H(2)O and its combination with niclosamide which is an inhibitor of Wnt signaling pathway associated with breast cancer stem cells. Characteristic cell surface markers (CD44(+)/CD24(-)) were determined by flow cytometry in CSCs. ATP viability assay was used to determine the cytotoxic activity. The mode of cell death was evaluated morphologically using fluorescence microscopy and biochemically using M30 ELISA assay as well as performing qPCR. Our study demonstrated that the combination of niclosamide (1.5 mu M) and Pd(II) complex (12.5, 25 and 50 mu M) at 48 h has enhanced cytotoxic activity resulted from the induction of apoptosis (indicated by the presence of pyknotic nuclei, increments in M30 and over expression of proapoptotic genes of TNFRSF10A and FAS). Importantly, the addition of niclosamide resulted in the suppression of autophagy (proved by the decrease in ATG5 gene levels) that might have contributed to the enhanced cytotoxicity. In conclusion, the application of this combination may be regarded as a novel and effective approach for the treatment of breast cancer due to its promising cytotoxic effect on cancer stem cells that cause recurrence of the disease.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessBreast cancer stem cellCytotoxicityNiclosamidePalladium(II) complexTargeted therapyIn-vitroPlatinum(II) complexesAntitumor-activityInhibitionCarcinomaTumorsAgentVivoBiochemistry & molecular biologyPharmacology & pharmacyChemistryApoptosisBreast neoplasmsFemaleHumansNeoplastic stem cellsNiclosamidePalladiumWnt signaling pathwayArticle0003603499000352-s2.0-8494649167555805586231726234907Biochemistry & molecular biologyChemistry, medicinalChemistry, organicComplex; Palladium; 2-PhenylpyridineAutophagy protein 5CD24 antigenFas antigenHermes antigenNiclosamidePalladium complexPalladium saccharinate complexPyridineTerpyridineUnclassified drugNiclosamidePalladiumAntigen expressionAntineoplastic activityApoptosisArticleAssayATG5 geneATP viability assayAutophagyBreast cancerCancer inhibitionCancer stem cellCell deathControlled studyDrug cytotoxicityDrug efficacyDrug potentiationEnzyme linked immunosorbent assayFAS geneFlow cytometryFluorescence microscopyGeneGene overexpressionMLKL geneNecroptosisReal time polymerase chain reactionTNFRSF10A geneUpregulationWnt signaling pathwayApoptosisBreast neoplasmsDrug effectsFemaleHumanPathology