Citation/Atıf: Rajamanoharan PRS, Vivekanandarajah - Sathasivampillai SV, 2021. The Role of Honey in Pediatric Treatments in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine (Sri Lanka Siddha Medicine'de Pediatrik Tedavilerde Balın Rolü). U. Arı D./U. Bee J. 21: 83-90, DOI: 10.31467/uluaricilik.851567 DERLEME / REVIEW THE ROLE OF HONEY IN PEDIATRIC TREATMENTS IN SRI LANKAN SIDDHA MEDICINE Sri Lanka Siddha Medicine'de Pediatrik Tedavilerde Balın Rolü Pholtan Rajeev Sebastian RAJAMANOHARAN1,2, Saravanan VIVEKANANDARAJAH SATHASIVAMPILLAI3,4* 1 Eastern Provincial Herbal Garden Management Center, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka 2 Department of Siddha Toxicology, The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, INDIA, ORCID No: 0000- 0001-9341-5843, Email address: drsrprajeev@gmail.com 3 KnowledgeLink Group, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA. 4*Boigai Institute, Batticaloa, SRI LANKA, ORCID No: 0000-0002-5938-0509, Corresponding Author: e-mail: vivekanandarajahs@yahoo.co.uk Geliş Tarihi / Received: 31.12.2020 Kabul Tarihi / Accepted:05.02.2021 DOI: 10.31467/uluaricilik.851567 ABSTRACT Honey is used as food and for the treatment of indigenous medicines worldwide, also in Sri Lanka for a long time. Siddha Medicine is one of the four indigenous medicines currently practiced in Sri Lanka and is generally practiced in the Eastern and Northern Provinces of Sri Lanka. This study aims to explore and highlight the use of honey in pediatric treatments in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine. Preparations used to treat pediatric disorders were obtained from standard Sri Lankan textbooks used in Siddha Medicine degree programs at universities in Sri Lanka [Pararasaseharam (Part Two) and Seharasasehara Treatment]. A total of 30 preparations were identified using honey as an ingredient or adjuvant. Honey is generally used to treat indigestion and disorders associated with the digestive system. This is the first study on the role of honey in pediatric treatments in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine. This work identified, analyzed, and documented the use of honey in pediatric treatments in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine. Keywords: Sri Lanka, Siddha Medicine, honey, pediatric treatments ÖZ Bal, gıda olarak ve dünya çapında yerli ilaçların tedavisinde ve ayrıca Sri Lanka'da uzun süredir kullanılmaktadır. Siddha Medicine şu anda Sri Lanka'da uygulanmakta olan dört yerli ilaçtan biridir ve genellikle Sri Lanka'nın Doğu ve Kuzey İllerinde uygulanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Sri Lanka Siddha Medicine'de pediatrik tedavilerde balın kullanımını araştırmayı ve vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Pediyatrik bozuklukları tedavi etmek için kullanılan hazırlıklar, Sri Lanka'daki [Pararasaseharam (İkinci Kısım) ve Seharasasehara Tedavisi] üniversitelerindeki Siddha Tıp derecesi programlarında kullanılan standart Sri Lanka ders kitaplarından elde edildi. Bir bileşen veya yardımcı madde olarak bal kullanılarak toplam 30 preparat tanımlandı. Bal genellikle hazımsızlık ve sindirim sistemi ile ilgili rahatsızlıkları tedavi etmek için kullanılır. Bu, Sri Lanka Siddha Medicine'de balın pediatrik tedavilerdeki rolü üzerine yapılan ilk çalışmadır. Bu çalışmada, Sri Lanka Siddha Medicine'de pediatrik tedavilerde balın kullanımını belirlendi, analiz edildi ve belgelendi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sri Lanka, Siddha Medicine, bal, pediatrik tedaviler Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi – Uludag Bee Journal 2021, 21 (1): 83-90 83 DERLEME / REVIEW GENIŞLETILMIŞ ÖZET kronik venöz ülserler, iltihaplı, hasarlı cilt, herpes, Amaçlar ve Hedefler: Bu çalışma, Sri Lanka Siddha gastroenterit, yetersiz beslenme, yanıklar, mukozit, Medicine'de pediatrik tedavilerde balın kullanımını dehidratasyon ve diş çekimi yaralarının iyileştirici araştırmayı ve vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, etkilerini göstermiştir (Abdel-Naby Awad ve Hamad, bu sistematik inceleme, Sri Lanka balıyla ilgili 2018, Abdulrhman v.d. 2011, Abdulrhman v.d. 2010, gelecekteki farmakolojik araştırmalar için faydalı Aly v.d. 2017, Haffejee ve Moosa, 1985, Konuk olacaktır. Sener ve diğerleri 2019, Mokhtari v.d. 2019, Paul, 2012, Shaaban v.d. 2010, Shadkam v.d. 2010, Balın tedavideki rolü: Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine Simon v.d. 2006). pediatrik tedavilerinde balın müstahzar adı, tedavisi, ilacın türü, yardımcı ve referansı dahil bilgiler Tablo Sonuç: Bu, Sri Lanka Siddha Medicine'de balın 1'de listelenmiştir. Çeşitli pediatrik bozukluklar için pediatrik tedavilerdeki rolü üzerine yapılan ilk toplam 72 preparat iki kaynakta da listelenmiştir: çalışmadır. Bal, Sri Lanka Siddha Medicine'de (Ponniahpilai 2016, Ponniahpilai 2000). Ancak bal, pediatrik tedavilerde hayati bir rol oynar. Ancak bu 72 preparatın 30'unda bir bileşen veya yardımcı preparatlarla bilimsel kanıt sağlamak için herhangi madde olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca, bal belirli bir bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu nedenle, bilimsel preparatta bir bileşen olarak kullanılırsa, bu kanıtların yanı sıra güvenlik ve etkililik amaçları preparasyonda bir adjuvan olarak kullanılmaz ve sağlamak için daha fazla in vitro, in vivo ve klinik bunun tersi de geçerlidir. Dolayısıyla bu, deneyler yapılmalıdır. Bu çalışmada, Sri Lanka müstahzarlarda kullanılan diğer maddelerle Siddha Medicine'de pediatrik tedavilerde balın karşılaştırıldığında, balın temel olarak pediatrik kullanımını belirlendi, analiz edildi ve belgelendi. Ek tedavilerde kullanılan tek madde olduğunu olarak, bu çalışma, Sri Lanka Siddha Tıbbında göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, bu bilgiler balın Sri pediatrik tedavilerde bal içeren preparatlar ve Lanka Siddha Medicine'de pediatrik tedavilerde yer yardımcıların daha ileri farmakolojik çalışmaları için alan en önemli madde olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. temel sağlar. Tedavilerin çoğu (16 preparat ve adjuvan) Ponniahpillai'de (2016), ardından Ponniahpillai'de (2000) tanımlanmıştır. INTRODUCTION Ayrıca bal, çoğunlukla pediyatrik tedavilerde In Sri Lanka, 132 bee species belonging to four yardımcı madde olarak kullanılmaktadır. Öncelikle families (Apidae, Megachilidae, Halictidae, and toz preparatlarla bir adjuvan olarak ve ardından Colletidae) were documented (Wijesekara 2001). Sri haplar olarak kullanılır. Buna ek olarak, bal genellikle Lanka hosts three species of bees: Apis dorsata tonik ve kaynatmada bir bileşen olarak kullanılır, Fabricius (sourced in the district of Matale), Apis ardından pediatrik tedavilerde haplar ve tozlar gelir. florea Fabricius (sourced in the districts of Kandy, Bal genellikle pediatrik bozukluklarda hazımsızlık, Puttalam, Matale, Matara, and Trincomalee), and ishal, kızarıklık, ateş ve öksürüğü tedavi etmek için Apis cerana Fabricius (sourced in the districts of kullanılır. İnsan vücudu sistemleri açısından, Badulla and Galle) (Punchihewa 1994, Wijesekara genellikle sindirim, solunum, deri, iskelet, kas, sinir 2001). Honey is used as food and medicine in ve kardiyovasküler sistemlerle ilişkili bozuklukları indigenous medicines globally also, in Sri Lanka for tedavi etmek için kullanılır. Yukarıda bahsedildiği a long time. The taste of honey varies depending on gibi, balın anti-enflamatuar, antibakteriyel, yara the types of flowers from which nectar is collected. iyileştirme ve antifungal aktivite çalışmaları, eklem Plants of families such as Asteraceae, Fabaceae hastalığı, kızarıklık ve öksürük dahil olmak üzere Sri (Mimosa pudica L.; Vachellia leucophloea (Roxb.) Lanka Siddha Tıbbında pediatrik tedavilerde Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger; Tephrosia purpurea (L.) kullanımına dair bilimsel kanıt sağlar. Modern tıpta Pers.; Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.; Acacia pediatrik tedavide balın kullanıldığı birçok klinik auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth.; and Cassia fistula araştırma mevcuttur. Bu çalışmalar, balın Siddha L.), Asteraceae (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) tıbbı da dahil olmak üzere geleneksel ilaçlar A.Gray; Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC.; and üzerindeki iyileştirici etkilerinin bilimsel kanıtlarını Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski), Myrtaceae sağlar. Örneğin, pediyatrik klinik çalışmalar öksürük, (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), Acanthaceae yaralar, solunum yolu enfeksiyonları, bacaklarda (Strobilanthes lupulina Nees), Malvaceae, and 84 U. Arı D. – U. Bee J. 2021, 21 (1): 83-90 DERLEME / REVIEW Poaceae are the primary sources of pollen and used in Siddha medicinal preparations, including hill nectar for honeybees in Sri Lanka (Silva et al., 2018). honey, tree branch honey, tree hole honey, anthill Honey consists mainly of water and sugars such as honey, domestic honey, fresh honey, and old honey fructose, glucose, and sucrose. It also contains (Parasuraman and Perumal, 2020). folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, vitamin C, This study aims to explore and highlight the use of pyridoxine, proteins, minerals, pinocembrin, honey in pediatric treatments in Sri Lankan Siddha hesperetin, quercetin, chrysin, apigenin, galangin, Medicine. Furthermore, this systematic review would kaempferol, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric be useful for future pharmacological research on Sri acid, and caffeic acid (Allsop and Miller 1996, Eteraf- Lankan honey. Oskouei and Najafi 2013, Zumla and Lulat 1989). Scientific studies have revealed that honey includes Preparations used for the treatment of pediatric anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound healing, disorders obtained from the Sri Lankan standard antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities university textbooks used in Siddha Medicine degree (Aljadi and Kamaruddin 2004, Al-Mamary et al. programs in Sri Lanka: Pararasaseharam (Part Two) 2002, Al-Waili 2005, 2004, 2003, Al-Waili and Boni [Pararaasasharam (Irendaam Paaham)] 2003, Asadi-Pooya et al. 2003, Bansal et al. 2005, (Ponniahpilai 2016) and Seharaasashahara Beretta et al. 2005, Bilsel et al. 2002, Blasa et al. Treatment [Seharaasashahara Vaithththiyam] 2006, Brady et al. 1996, Chepulis 2007, Chua et al. (Ponniahpilai 2000). Only preparations involving 2013, Efem 1988, Frankel et al. 1998, Gheldof and honey as an ingredient or adjuvant taken into Engeseth 2002, Jeffrey and Echazarreta 1996, account in this study. Meda et al. 2004, Molan 1999, Obaseiki-Ebor and The role of honey in treatments Afonya 1984, Olaitan et al. 2007, Schramm et al. 2003, Shimazawa et al. 2005, Yaghoobi et al. 2008). The information, including the name of the preparation, treatment for, type of medication, Siddha Medicine is one of the four indigenous preparation/adjuvant, and reference of the use of medicines currently practiced in Sri Lanka and is honey in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine pediatric commonly practiced in the Eastern and Northern treatments are listed in Table 1. A total of 72 Provinces of Sri Lanka (Weragoda 1980). Siddha preparations for various pediatric disorders are listed Medicine originated in South India in the time from in both sources: Ponniahpilai (2016) and 10,000 to 4,000 B.C. (Siddha National Institute, Ponniahpilai (2000). However, honey is used as an 2016). A total of 4,448 diseases have been listed in ingredient or adjuvant in 30 of the 72 preparations. Siddha Medicine (Government of Kerala, 2011). The Also, if honey is used as an ingredient in a particular treatments offered in Siddha Medicine are individual preparation, then it is not used as an adjuvant with and are based on age, sex, physical state, diet, that preparation, and vice versa. Hence, this shows lifestyle, environment, habitat, habits, patient, that honey is the only substance mainly used in physiological structure, weather, mental state, and pediatric treatments, compared to other substances appetite (Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga, and used in the preparations. Therefore, this information Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy, reveals that honey is the most important substance 2017). The raw materials used for Siddha medicinal involved in pediatric treatments in Sri Lankan Siddha preparations come from plants, animals, metals, Medicine. Most of the treatments (16 preparations minerals, and marine organisms. In addition to these and adjuvants) were identified in Ponniahpillai types of raw materials, honey is also widely used in (2016), followed by Ponniahpillai (2000). a variety of preparations in Siddha Medicine (Siddha National Institute, 2016). Seven types of honey are Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi – Uludag Bee Journal 2021, 21 (1): 83-90 85 DERLEME / REVIEW Table 1: Use of honey in pediatric treatments Tablo 1: Pediatrik tedavilerde bal kullanımı Name of preparation Treatment for Type of Preparation / Reference medication adjuvant Akkarahaara Sanjeevi Maaththirai Fever Pill Adjuvant P Akkarahaara Kulihai Diarrhea, fever, coma Pill Adjuvant P Athisaara Piththath Thool Dysentery Powder Adjuvant S Iraththa Piththam Blood disorders Powder Adjuvant S Uraththa Piththa Vaathath Thool Indigestion, joint disorders Powder Adjuvant S Elaathi Maaththirai Fever, indigestion Pill Adjuvant P Ongaalaththuk Kasaayam Nausea, vomiting Decoction Preparation P Karappaan Patrpam Skin rashes Powder Adjuvant S Karappaan Piththath Thool Skin lesion Powder Adjuvant S Kasththoorimiruththiyaathi Cough Pill Adjuvant P Maaththirai Kiranthi Vaathath Thool Joint diseases, skin rashes Powder Adjuvant S Kumaran Velkanda Ilehiyam Cough, vomit Tonic Preparation S Koolppaada Ilehiyam Cough Tonic Preparation S Sayapiththath Thool Tuberculosis, indigestion Powder Adjuvant S Sittramattik Kulihai Indigestion Pill Adjuvant P Suravikkatrool Fever, hiccough Powder Adjuvant S Suwarkkakkorosanai Maaththirai Fever, indigestion, diarrhea Pill Adjuvant P Suwasa Piththath Thool Respiratory disorders Powder Adjuvant S Suwasaththitrku Enaathik Kulihai Asthma Pill Preparation S Neermaanthath Thool Indigestion Powder Preparation P Paravaichchsuraththitrkuk Fever Decoction Preparation P Kasaayam Perungaayak kulihai 1 Indigestion, diarrhea, fever, cough Pill Adjuvant P Perungaayak kulihai 2 Indigestion, diarrhea Pill Adjuvant P Paanthasannikkuk kulihai Indigestion, coma Pill Adjuvant P Miruththiyaathik Kulihai Indigestion, fever Pill Adjuvant P Vaathapatrpath Thool Joint diseases Powder Adjuvant S Vaayvu Vikkatrool Hiccough Powder Adjuvant S Vikkat Silettumath Thool Hiccough Powder Adjuvant S Virana Piththath Thool Wounds Powder Adjuvant S Venkaayak Kulihai Abdominal distension, indigestion, Pill Adjuvant P diarrhea Abbreviations: P: (Ponniahpillai, 2016); S: (Ponniahpillai, 2000) Kısaltmalar: P: (Ponniahpillai, 2016); S: (Ponniahpillai, 2000) 86 U. Arı D. – U. Bee J. 2021, 21 (1): 83-90 DERLEME / REVIEW In addition, honey is mainly used as an adjuvant in Source of Finance pediatric treatments. It is used primarily as an adjuvant with powdered preparations followed by This work received no funding. pills. In addition, honey is often used as an ingredient in tonic and decoction, followed by pills and powders in pediatric treatments. Honey is usually used to treat Contributions of all Authors indigestion, diarrheic, rash, fever, and cough in Both authors contributed equally. pediatric disorders. In terms of human body systems, it is generally used to treat digestive, Conflict of Interest respiratory, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, The authors declared that there is no conflict of nervous, and cardiovascular systems-associated interest in this study. disorders. As mentioned above, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, wound healing, and antifungal activity Acknowledgement studies of honey provide scientific evidence of its use The authors are thankful to their family members for in pediatric treatments in Sri Lankan Siddha their vital support to complete this work. Medicine, including joint disease, rash, and cough. There are several clinical trials available using honey in pediatric treatment in modern medicine. These REFERENCES studies provide scientific evidence of the healing effects of honey on traditional medicines, including Abdel-Naby Awad OG., Hamad AH. 2018. Honey Siddha medicine. For example, pediatric clinical can help in herpes simplex gingivostomatitis studies have shown healing effects of cough, in children: Prospective randomized double- wounds, respiratory infections, chronic venous blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Am J ulcers of the legs, inflammatory, damaged skin, Otolaryngol. 39:759-763. herpes, gastroenteritis, malnutrition, burns, Abdulrhman, MA, Mekawy, MA, Awadalla, MM, mucositis, dehydration, and tooth extraction wounds Mohamed, AH. 2010. Bee honey added to the (Abdel-Naby Awad and Hamad, 2018, Abdulrhman oral rehydration solution in treatment of et al. 2011, 2010, Aly et al. 201, Haffejee and Moosa, gastroenteritis in infants and children. J Med 1985, Konuk Sener et al. 2019, Mokhtari et al. 2019, Food. 13: 605-609. Paul, 2012, Shaaban et al. 2010, Shadkam et al., Abdulrhman, MA., Nassar, MF., Mostafa, HW., El- 2010, 2010, Simon et al. 2006). Khayat, ZA., Abu El Naga, MW. 2011. Effect This is the first study on the role of honey in pediatric of honey on 50% complement hemolytic treatments in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine. Honey activity in infants with protein energy plays a vital role in pediatric treatments in Sri Lankan malnutrition: a randomized controlled pilot Siddha Medicine. However, no study has been study. J Med Food. 14: 551-555. conducted to provide scientific evidence with these Aljadi, AM., Kamaruddin, MY. 2004. Evaluation of preparations. Therefore, further in vitro, in vivo, and the phenolic contents and antioxidant clinical trials should be conducted to provide capacities of two Malaysian floral honeys. scientific evidence as well as safety and efficacy Food Chem. 85: 513–518, purposes. This work identified, analyzed, and https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308- documented the use of honey in pediatric treatments 8146(02)00596-4. in Sri Lankan Siddha Medicine. In addition, this work Allsop, KA., Miller, JB. 1996. Honey revisited: a provides the basis for further pharmacological reappraisal of honey in pre-industrial diets. Br. studies of preparations and adjuvants that involve J. Nutr. 75: 513–520, honey in pediatric treatments in Sri Lankan Siddha https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960155. Medicine. Al-Mamary, M., Al-Meeri, A., Al-Habori, M. 2002. Antioxidant activities and total phenolics of different types of honey. Nutr. Res. 22: 1041– 1047, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271- 5317(02)00406-2. Al-Waili, NS. 2003. Effects of daily consumption of honey solution on hematological indices and Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi – Uludag Bee Journal 2021, 21 (1): 83-90 87 DERLEME / REVIEW blood levels of minerals and enzymes in Brady, NF., Molan, PC., Harfoot, CG. 1996. The normal individuals. J. Med. Food 6: 135–140, Sensitivity of Dermatophytes to the https://doi.org/10.1089/10966200332223354 Antimicrobial Activity of Manuka Honey and 9. Other Honey. Pharm. Pharmacol. Commun. Al-Waili, NS. 2004. Investigating the antimicrobial 2: 471–473, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042- activity of natural honey and its effects on the 7158.1996.tb00540.x. pathogenic bacterial infections of surgical Chepulis, LM., 2007. The effect of honey compared wounds and conjunctiva. J. Med. Food. 7: to sucrose, mixed sugars, and a sugar-free 210–222, diet on weight gain in young rats. J. Food Sci. https://doi.org/10.1089/1096620041224139. 72: S224-229, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750- Al-Waili, NS., Boni, NS. 2003. Natural honey lowers 3841.2007.00286.x. plasma prostaglandin concentrations in Chua, LS., Rahaman, NLA., Adnan, NA., Eddie Tan, normal individuals. J. Med. Food 6: 129–133, TT. 2013. Antioxidant activity of three honey https://doi.org/10.1089/10966200332223353 samples in relation with their biochemical 0. components. J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2013: Aly H., Said RN., Wali IE. 2017. Medically graded 8, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/313798. honey supplementation formula to preterm Efem, SE. 1988. Clinical observations on the wound infants as a prebiotic: A randomized controlled healing properties of honey. Br. J. Surg. 75: trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 64 :966- 679–681, 970. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800750718. Asadi-Pooya, AA., Pnjehshahin, MR., Beheshti, S. Eteraf-Oskouei, T., Najafi, M. 2013. Traditional and 2003. The antimycobacterial effect of honey: Modern Uses of Natural Honey in Human an in vitro study. Riv. Biol. 96: 491–495. Diseases: A Review. Iran J. Basic Med. Sci. Bansal, V., Medhi, B., Pandhi, P., 2005. Honey - a 16: 731–742. remedy rediscovered and its therapeutic Frankel, S., Robinson, GE., Berenbaum, MR. 1998. utility. Kathmandu Univ. Med. J. (KUMJ) 3: Antioxidant capacity and correlated 305–309. characteristics of 14 unifloral honeys. J. Apic. Beretta, G., Granata, P., Ferrero, M., Orioli, M., Res. 37: 27–31, Maffei Facino, R., 2005. Standardization of https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1998.1110 antioxidant properties of honey by a 0951. combination of Gheldof, N., Engeseth, NJ. 2002. Antioxidant spectrophotometric/fluorimetric assays and capacity of honeys from various floral sources chemometrics. Analytica Chimica Acta 533: based on the determination of oxygen radical 185–191, absorbance capacity and inhibition of in vitro https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.11.010. lipoprotein oxidation in human serum Bilsel, Y., Bugra, D., Yamaner, S., Bulut, T., samples. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 3050– Cevikbas, U., Turkoglu, U., 2002. Could 3055, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0114637. honey have a place in colitis therapy? Effects Government of Kerala. 2011. About Siddha [WWW of honey, prednisolone, and disulfiram on Document]. URL inflammation, nitric oxide, and free radical http://www.ism.kerala.gov.in/index.php/about formation. Dig. Surg. 19: 306–311, -sidha.html (accessed 12.26.20). https://doi.org/10.1159/000064580. Haffejee, IE., Moosa, A. 1985. Honey in the Blasa, M., Candiracci, M., Accorsi, A., Piacentini, treatment of infantile gastroenteritis. Br Med J MP., Albertini, MC., Piatti, E., 2006. Raw (Clin Res Ed). 290 :1866-1867. Millefiori honey is packed full of antioxidants. Jeffrey, A., Echazarreta, C. 1996. Medical uses of Food Chem. 97: 217–222, honey. Rev. Biomed. 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.0 39. Konuk Sener D., Aydin M., Cangur S., Guven E. 2019. The effect of oral care with chlorhexidine, vitamin E and honey on 88 U. Arı D. – U. Bee J. 2021, 21 (1): 83-90 DERLEME / REVIEW mucositis in pediatric intensive care patients: Ponniahpillai, I., 2016. Pararasaseharam (Second A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Nurs. Part)–பரராசேசகர' (இர)டா' பாக') 45: e95-e101. [Pararaasaseharam (Irendaam Paaham)]. Meda, A., Lamien, CE., Millogo, J., Romito, M., Provincial Department of Indigenous Nacoulma, OG. 2004. Therapeutic uses of Medicine, Northern Province, Jaffna. honey and honeybee larvae in central Burkina Faso. J. Ethnopharmacol. 95: 103–107, Ponniahpillai, I., 2000. Seharaasasehara https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.016. Treatment–(Seharaasasehara Vaiththiyam)-ெசகராசேசகர ைவ.திய'. Provincial Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopath. 2017. Diagnosis Department of Indigenous Medicine, Northern and Treatment [WWW Document]. URL Province, Jaffna. https://main.ayush.gov.in/about-the- Punchihewa, RWK., 1994. Beekeeping for honey systems/siddha/diagnosis-and-treatment production in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Department (accessed 12.26.20). of Agriculture, Peradeniya. Mokhtari S., Sanati I., Abdolahy S., Hosseini Z. Schramm, DD., Karim, M., Schrader, HR., Holt, RR., 2019. Evaluation of the effect of honey on the Cardetti, M., Keen, CL. 2003. Honey with high healing of tooth extraction wounds in 4- to 9- levels of antioxidants can provide protection to year-old children. Niger J Clin Pract. 22:1328- healthy human subjects. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1334. 51: 1732–1735, Molan, PC. 1999. Why honey is effective as a https://doi.org/10.1021/jf025928k. medicine. Bee World. 80: 80–92, Shaaban, SY., Abdulrhman, MA., Nassar, MF., https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1999.1109 Fathy, RA. 2010. Effect of honey on gastric 9430 emptying of infants with protein energy National Institute of Siddha. 2016. About Siddha malnutrition. Eur J Clin Invest. 40 :383-387. Medicine [WWW Document]. URL Shadkam MN., Mozaffari-Khosravi H., Mozayan MR. https://nischennai.org/siddhamedicine.html 2010. A comparison of the effect of honey, (accessed 12.26.20). dextromethorphan, and diphenhydramine on Obaseiki-Ebor, EE., Afonya, TC. 1984. In vitro nightly cough and sleep quality in children and evaluation of the anticandidiasis activity of their parents. J Altern Complement Med. 16: honey distillate (HY-1) compared with that of 787-93. some antimycotic agents. J. Pharm. Shimazawa, M., Chikamatsu, S., Morimoto, N., Pharmacol. 36: 283–284, Mishima, S., Nagai, H., Hara, H. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042- Neuroprotection by Brazilian Green Propolis 7158.1984.tb04373.x. against In vitro and In vivo Ischemic Neuronal Olaitan, PB., Adeleke, OE., Ola, IO, 2007. Honey: a Damage. Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. reservoir for microorganisms and an inhibitory Med. 2: 201–207, agent for microbes. Afr. Health Sci. 7: 159– https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh078. 165, Silva, H., Seneviratne, R., Gunawardana, M., https://doi.org/10.5555/afhs.2007.7.3.159. Jayasinghe, C. 2018. Pollen Analysis of Parasuraman, S., Perumal, P. 2020. Siddha, an Natural Bee Honeys from Different Regions of Indigenous Medical System of Peninsular Sri Lanka. J. Food Agric. 11: 23, India. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.4038/jfa.v11i1.5200. Paul IM., Beiler J., McMonagle A. 2007. Effect of Simon A., Sofka K., Wiszniewsky G. 2006. Wound honey, dextromethorphan, and no treatment care with antibacterial honey (Medihoney) in on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for pediatric hematology-oncology. Support Care coughing children and their parents. Arch Cancer. 14: 91-7. Pediatr Adolesc Med. 161: 1140-6. Weragoda, PB. 1980. The traditional system of Paul, IM. 2012. Therapeutic options for acute cough medicine in Sri Lanka. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2: due to upper respiratory infections in children. 71–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378- Lung. 190: 41-44. 8741(80)90033-1. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi – Uludag Bee Journal 2021, 21 (1): 83-90 89 DERLEME / REVIEW Wijesekara, A. 2001. An Annotated List of Bees GA. 2008. Natural honey and cardiovascular (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformis) of Sri risk factors; effects on blood glucose, Lanka. Tijdschr. Entomol. 144: 145–158, cholesterol, triacylglycerole, CRP, and body https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900063. weight compared with sucrose. Sci. World J. Yaghoobi, N., Al-Waili, N., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., 8: 463–469, Parizadeh, SMR., Abasalti, Z., Yaghoobi, Z., https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.64. Yaghoobi, F., Esmaeili, H., Kazemi-Bajestani, Zumla, A., Lulat, A. 1989. Honey - a remedy SMR., Aghasizadeh, R., Saloom, KY., Ferns, rediscovered. J. R. Soc. Med. 82: 384–385. 90 U. Arı D. – U. Bee J. 2021, 21 (1): 83-90