Citation/Atıf: Sarı, F., Sarı, FK. 2020. Land Use Change Assesment for Beekeeping in Southeast Anatolia (Arıcılık için Arazi Kullanım Değişikliklerinin Güneydoğu Anadolu İllerinde İncelenmesi). U.Arı.D.-U.Bee.J. 20(1): 51-61, DOI: 10.31467/uluaricilik.684608 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE LAND USE CHANGE ASSESMENT FOR BEEKEEPING IN SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA Arıcılık için Arazi Kullanım Değişikliklerinin Güneydoğu Anadolu İllerinde İncelenmesi Fatih SARI1, Fadimana KOYUNCU SARI2 Selçuk University, Cumra Applied Sciences, Department of Geomatic Information Systems, Konya, TURKEY, ORCID NO: 0000-0001-8674-9028, Yazışma yazarı/Corresponding author: E-mail: fatihsari@selcuk.edu.tr Selcuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Konya, TURKEY ORCID NO: 0000- 0001-5829-0061, E-mail: fdmnkync90@gmail.com Geliş Tarihi / Received: 04.02.2020 Kabul Tarihi / Accepted: 08.04.2020 DOI: 10.31467/uluaricilik.684608 ABSTRACT In this study, land use changes in Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay provinces were determined. The study area has vital importance on honey production (citrus, cotton, etc.) for the Turkish beekeeping sector and it is very vulnerable to land use changes due to urbanization and climate change. The land use changes were determined by using 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 land cover maps in the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) platform. Moreover, 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 beekeeping statistics were retrieved to compare the land use changes and honey production. The results indicate that the fruit trees land use class has increased 1210 km2 from 2000 to 2018 because of these suitable lands for citrus production. In total, 3170 km2 natural plant areas have been destroyed within 18 years which threaten natural beekeeping activities. The study area includes 42 districts and when evaluating the beekeeping statistics, total honey production has increased from 6500 tons to 15000 tons from 2000 to 2018. For the purpose of evaluating land use change and its effects, transitions were determined for the 2000-2018 period to understand the change in land-use trends. The transitions revealed that fruit tree and agricultural lands are being enlarge by destroying the natural plant areas and other complex patterns which are important for beekeeping activities. Keywords: Land Use Change, Beekeeping, Geographical Information Systems ÖZ Bu çalışmada Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye ve Hatay illerindeki arazi değişimleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma alanı Türkiye bal üretimi (narenciye, pamuk vb.) için oldukça büyük öneme sahip olup şehirleşme ve iklim değişikliği kaynaklı arazi kullanım değişikliğine oldukça yatkındır. Arazi değişimleri, 2000, 2006, 2012 ve 2018 arazi kullanım haritaları kullanılarak Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) platformunda değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca 2000, 2006, 2012 ve 2018 arıcılık istatistikleri kullanılarak arazi değişimleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre meyve ağaçları arazi örtüsü, 2000 yılından 2018 yılına kadar bölgenin narenciye üretim uygunluğundan dolayı 1210 km2 genişlemiştir. Toplamda 18 yıl içinde arıcılık için önemli olan 3170 km2 doğal bitki alanlarının yok olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma alanı 42 ilçeyi barındırmakta olup bal üretimi 6500 tondan 15000 tona yükselmiştir. Arazi kullanım değişikliği ve etkilerini anlamak için arazi geçişleri 2000 yılından 2018 yılına kadar hesaplanmıştır. Arazi kullanım dönüşümleri, meyve ağaçları ve tarımsal alanların doğal bitki alanlarını yok ederek genişlediği sonucunu ortaya çıkartmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Arazi Kullanım Değişikliği, Arıcılık, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi – Uludag Bee Journal 2020, 20 (1): 51-61 51 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE GENİŞLETİLMİŞ ÖZET narenciye üretiminde en büyük paya sahip olduğu Amaç: Arazi kullanım değişiklikleri, tüm dünya düşünüldüğünde daha fazla narenciye üretim sahası genelinde doğal alanların yok olmasına neden olan oluşturmak için çeşitli arazi sınıflarının meyve bir oluşumdur. Arazi kullanımları, artan nüfus, bahçesine dönüştürüldüğü görülmektedir. Her ne endüstrileşme, artan gıda ve barınma ihtiyacı, kadar bu durum narenciye balı üretimine olumlu tarımsal alanların artırılması ihtiyacı ve doğal afetler etkisi olsa da arazi değişimlerinin sadece doğal bitki gibi nedenlerle hızlı bir şekilde değişmektedir. alanlarından meyve bahçelerine dönüştüğü göz Özellikle yerleşim alanları hızlı bir şekilde önüne alındığında doğal alanlarda yapılan arıcılık büyümekte ve doğal alanlar üzerinde baskı yaparak faaliyetlerini tehdit ettiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca büyüme eğilimine girmektedir. Ayrıca ekonomik meraların ve doğal bitki alanların büyük kısmının da 2 kaygılar nedeniyle doğal alanların büyük bir kısmı tarımsal arazilere dönüştüğü ve toplamda 3170 km tarımsal alanlar ve meyve bahçelerine doğal bitki alanının tarımsal arazilere ve meyve dönüştürülmektedir. Arıcılık faaliyetleri doğrudan bahçelerine dönüştüğü ortaya çıkmıştır. Dolayısıyla arazi kullanımına bağlı olduğundan, arazi 18 yıllık arazi değişimleri göz önüne alındığında, değişiklikleri aynı zamanda arıcılık faaliyetlerini de arazi kullanım değişikliği trendi bu şekilde devam doğrudan tehdit etmektedir. Bu amaçla sürdürülebilir ederse bölgenin büyük çoğunluğunun narenciye arıcılık faaliyetleri ve doğal kaynakları korumak için bahçesine dönüşeceği ve 10 yıllık zaman diliminde arazi kullanım değişiklikleri ve trendleri önemle doğal bitki alanlarının da büyük ölçüde yok olacağı izlenmeli ve arazi kullanım planları oluşturulmalıdır. ön görülmektedir. Böylece yakın gelecekte bölgeyi ve diğer tüm arıcılık faaliyetlerini tehdit eden arazi değişimleri öngörülebilecek ve şimdiden gerek arazi kullanım INTRODUCTION planları gerekse yasal sınırlamalar ile arıcılık için Honey bees are the main pollinators of agricultural önemli bölgelerin korunması sağlanabilecektir. crops (Klein et al. 2007; Brown and Paxton 2009) Yöntem: Arazi kullanım değişikliklerinin incelenmesi and this role results in beekeeping activities to be a amacıyla 2000, 2006, 2012 ve 2018 arazi kullanım rural development indicator which can be derived haritaları kullanılarak 18 yıllık arazi kullanım from assessing bee products (honey, pollen, değişiklikleri hesaplanmıştır. Toplamda 45 adet arazi propolis, royal jelly, and bee venom) (Estoque and sınıfı barındıran CORINE arazi kullanım verisi, 13 Murayama 2010; 2011; Damián 2016). sınıfta (Yerleşim, Tarım, Meyve Bahçeleri, Meralar, The current transformation of natural areas to Sklerofil, Seyrek Bitki Alanları, Su Kaynakları, agricultural lands is mainly caused by land Karışık Bitki Alanları, Ormanlar, Zeytinlikler, Yarı fragmentation (DeFries et al. 2004; Murray et al. Tarım-Orman Alanları, Çıplak Alanlar ve Orman 2009) and land use change which can affect the Geçiş Alanları) gruplandırılarak her bir arazi sınıfının quantity and quality of pollen and nectar sources belirtilen periyotlardaki kapsadığı alanlar (Requier et al. 2019). Land use change is the main hesaplanmıştır. Buna ek olarak, arazi kullanımlarının reason of habitat loss which results in declines of değişmesinde birbirlerine dönüşen arazi türleri natural resources (Pimm et al. 2001; Guan et al. hesaplanarak değişimin en çok hangi sınıflarda 2011). Land cover change rate usually increases gerçekleştiği ve artan-azalan arazi sınıfları from human causes such as need for new belirlenmiştir. Tüm analizlerin yapılabilmesi, agricultural lands, urbanization and industrialization periyotlar arasındaki arazi değişimlerinin (Halmy et al. 2015). Although agricultural lands can hesaplanabilmesi için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi provide a high amount of pollen, pesticide usage can yazılımlarından olan ArcGIS 10.5 kullanılmıştır. Her also have damaging effects (Johansen, 1977; bir sınıfa ait kapsama alanları ve arazi türlerinin Murray et al., 2009). birbirleri arasındaki geçişler “Zonal Statistics” aracı ile hesaplanmıştır. Arıcılık istatistikleri de In recent studies, there are a large number of studies kullanılarak bal üretimi artan ilçelerdeki arazi about land use change detection in the field of urban, değişimleri incelenmiş ve sonuçlar paylaşılmıştır. agricultural, natural resources, water surfaces and moors (Muller 1994; Lambin 1997; Thomas and Sonuç: Arazi kullanım değişiklikleri incelendiğinde, Laurence 2006; Huang et al. 2008; Ye and Bai 2008; en büyük artışın meyve ağaçları arazi kullanım Guan et al. 2011; Subedi et al. 2013; Halmy et al. sınıfında olduğu görülmektedir. Çalışma bölgesinin 2015). However, currently there is no study that 52 U. Arı D. – U. Bee J. 2020, 20 (1): 51-61 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE focuses on land use change detection for changes and transitions were examined for Adana, beekeeping activities. Because beekeeping Mersin, Hatay and Osmaniye provinces, which are activities have a close relationship with water central to the citrus and citrus honey production. surfaces, floral resources, urban and agricultural lands, all the land use classes must be considered in this context from other studies. Thus, this study MATERIALS and METHODS proposes a more comprehensive approach for detecting land use changes as it relates to Study Area beekeeping activities. The study areas were Adana, Mersin, Osmaniye and For the purpose of deciding what land use changes Hatay provinces located in the South of Turkey and are beneficial or not for beekeeping, each land use border the north east coasts of the Mediterranean transition must be evaluated. The land use transition Sea basin. In total, these provinces have 42 districts with an area of 39662 km2reveals the reasons for the land use change and . The study area is one of what might be its future projection. Generally, urban the main centers of the citrus and cotton production, areas tend to be enlarged at the expense of forests, are valuable lands, and have suitable climate for pastures, and agricultural lands. However, citrus and cotton production. There is a high potential agricultural lands and fruit tree areas are also of increased industrial activity due to the increasing and covering up natural plant areas and urbanization of the Mersin Port. Especially, the pastures. While enlarging agricultural lands and fruit Adana province has the highest urbanization tree areas provide high amount of pollen and nectar potential because of intensive agricultural and sources, destroyed natural plant areas are also industrial activities that are already ongoing in this valuable pollen sources which are decreasing at the region. According to the 2018 beekeeping statistics, same time. To balance the land use changes, land 14997 tons of honey have been produced in the use plans must be established to sustain productivity study area and have an increasing trend in honey of beekeeping activities by determining the impact of production. The study area boundaries are given in the land use changes. In this study, land use Figure 1. Figure 1. The study area boundaries Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi – Uludag Bee Journal 2020, 20 (1): 51-61 53 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE Spatial Dataset comparison provides both land use area and The land use changes were determined by using transitions between land use classes. Cross Table in CORINE 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 Land Cover the IDRISI software and the Tabulate Area analyses raster data at 100 x 100 meters resolution. CORINE in the ArcGIS software were combined to detect land maps have 45 land use classes and for this study, use changes and transitions for the study area. the classes were clustered into 13 classes. The beekeeping statistics were retrieved from Turkish Statistical Institute web site for 2000, 2006, 2012 and DETERMINATION OF LAND USE CHANGES 2018 years. ArcGIS 10.5 software was used to Land use changes generate spatial analyses and land use changes determination. For the purpose of determining land use changes, four land use cover map were classified into 13 main Methodology classes and area of each class were determined 2 The land use changes and transition probabilities using the km unit. The land use changes revealed are the main decisive data when detecting the trends that urban, fruit trees, sclerophyll and shrubs are of land use changes (Huang et al. 2008; Halmy et al. increasing rapidly on average. Agriculture, pastures, 2015). For the purpose of determining land use agro-natural and complex patterns tend to decrease. changes, transition probabilities were specified via These classes were found to have both negative and the IDRISI software. The land use change positive associations with beekeeping activities and calculation was based on a comparison of CORINE honey production. The land use maps in 2000, 2006, map pixels from 2000 to 2018. The result of this 2012 and 2018 are given in Figure 2. Figure 2. 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 land use cover maps 54 U. Arı D. – U. Bee J. 2020, 20 (1): 51-61 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE When evaluating the land use changes, fruit tree The percent of change in the rate of the land use area has enlarged approximately 1200 km2 from change for each class is given in Table 1 ( %1 = 400 2000 to 2018, which is very important for citrus km2). honey production. The study area is the main center of citrus production and this production appears to Table 1. Percent coverage of land use classes according be increasing over time. Similarly, as the rest of to the 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 years Turkey, urban areas have been increasing rapidly Land Use Class 2000 2006 2012 2018 and include residential and industrial areas which Urban 1,9 2,2 2,3 2.7 have negative effects on beekeeping activities. Agriculture 18,5 17,8 17,7 17,6 Urban areas have been enlarged 341 km2 and this Fruit Trees 0,8 2,7 2,8 3,8 enlargement has mostly occurred in the Mersin and Olives 0,6 0,9 0,9 1,0 Adana provinces. There is also a valuable decrease Pastures 5,0 3,4 3,3 2,9 in complex patterns and pastures within the study Complex Patterns 7,6 7,6 7,7 6,8 area, which means that the natural plant areas have been transformed to the other land use classes. In Agro-Natural 11,9 12,5 12,4 11,7 the study area, complex patterns and pastures are Forests 21,1 22,5 22,0 21,2 the main source of natural plant areas in which Sclerophyll 1,0 2,0 2,0 2,9 beekeepers tend to be intensively located. The Shrubs 14,8 15,5 15,9 16,9 pastures have decreased 852 km2 and complex Bare Lands 2,4 4,0 4,0 3,0 patterns have decreased 285 km2 from 2000 to 2018 Sparsely Vegetation 13,6 8,0 8,0 8,5 and this translates to approximately 1100 km2 of Water 0,9 0,9 0,9 1,0 natural plant areas that have been destroyed from the transformation of this land for other uses. While agricultural lands are decreasing (by 375 km2), the The gain and loss is given in Figure 3 which annual change rate is quite low in comparison to summarizes the land use changes. The high losses other land use classes. Agricultural lands are an have occurred in sparsely vegetated areas, indicator of cotton honey production in the study pastures, and complex patterns. The largest gain area. Agricultural lands tend to decrease over time. occurred in the fruit tree land use class. Total Gains and Losses Water Sparsely Vegetation Bare Lands Shrubs Sclerophyll Forests Agro-Natural Complex Patterns Total Gains and Losses (%) Pastures Olives Fruit Trees Agriculture Urban -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 Figure 3. Gains and losses of land use area from 2000 to 2018 Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi – Uludag Bee Journal 2020, 20 (1): 51-61 55 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE When evaluating the changes year by year, shrubs, the purpose of establishing new citrus areas. fruit trees, urban areas and sclerophyll land use Similarly urban areas have been enlarging due to the classes are increasing and agriculture, complex increasing population and industrial activities in the patterns and pastures are decreasing continuously. study area. Although continuous land use changes These continuous changes suggest that there is a are affecting land use regimes, they also affect the systematic effect of land use changes. For instance, beekeeping activities. A discontinuous increase and the economic income of the citrus production have decrease of land use generally occurred for different been effecting other land use classes to transform reasons such as natural disasters, changing climatic areas into ones suitable for fruit tree production for conditions and land use plans (Figure 4). 25,0 Urban Agriculture 20,0 Fruit Trees Olives Pastures 15,0 Complex Patterns Agro-Natural 10,0 Forests Sclerophyll Shrubs 5,0 Bare Lands Sparsely Vegetation Water 0,0 2000 2006 2012 2018 Figure 4. Changes of land use classes from 2000 to 2018 Transitions of land use classes environmental impact on beekeeping activities. Understanding the reasons and effects of land use However, if pastures, agricultural lands and fruit changes requires evaluating the land use transitions. trees are transforming into urban areas, this can be For example, if bare lands transformed into urban evaluated as a threat for beekeeping activities. Thus, areas, this status change will not affect beekeeping the transitions from 2000 to 2018 have been activities and other land use classes because bare generated to evaluate if the transitions will have a lands in the first place have no economic and large impact or not. The transitions are given in Figure 5. 56 U. Arı D. – U. Bee J. 2020, 20 (1): 51-61 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE Figure 5. Transitions of land use classes from 2000 to 2018 Because 13 land use classes have been used in this Table 2. Transitions of some land use classes study, 169 transitions were calculated (13 x 13) and due to this high number of transitions, the legend Land Use Class Change was not provided for Figure 5. However, important 2 transitions for beekeeping activities are given in Transitions from To (km ) Table 2 instead. As can be seen in Table 2, the gains Agriculture Urban 59,8 in agricultural lands are mostly from the conversion Complex Patterns Urban 79,4 of pastures, complex patterns and agro-natural land, Pastures Agriculture 5,6 which means that natural areas are generally getting transformed into agricultural lands. Moreover, Complex Patterns Agriculture 210,9 complex patterns, agriculture and agro-natural land Agro-Natural Agriculture 218,1 use classes are also being transformed into fruit tree Agriculture Fruit Trees 148,3 land use. At this point, two disadvantages can be underlined for fruit trees. The high amount of Complex Patterns Fruit Trees 246,6 transitions from agriculture to fruit trees implies that Agro-Natural Fruit Trees 85,1 fruit trees and agricultural lands are located in adjacent lands to one another. Thus, pesticide use in agricultural lands could affect the fruit trees and Beekeeping statistics impact the honey bees responsible for the citrus The beekeeping statistics revealed that the honey honey production. production in the study area have been increasing from 6496 tons to 14998 tons within 18 years. Seyhan, Yüreğir, İmamoğlu, Karaisalı, Kozan, Mersin (center), Çamlıyayla, Silifke, Tarsus and Osmaniye Merkez districts have the highest contribution to the total honey production in the study area, with 11833 tons in 2018. Moreover, the Kozan district has the 33% of the total production in the study area. The honey production statistics are given in Figure 6. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi – Uludag Bee Journal 2020, 20 (1): 51-61 57 ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE Figure 6. 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018 beekeeping statistics (total honey production) When evaluating the land use changes in these can most likely be attributed to the fruit tree lands in districts, as can be seen in Figure 7, the fruit trees these districts. However, we would like to point out land use class has been increasing along with the that the decreasing pastures and complex patterns honey production. While fruit trees are increasing in will reduce the natural plant areas so the urban and all districts, pastures and complex patterns are residential enlargement patterns must be monitored decreasing. Thus, the honey production increasing carefully. 600 450 Seyhan 500 400 Karaisalı 350 400 300 300 250 200 200 150 100 100 50 0 0 2000 2006 2012 2018 2000 2006 2012 2018 Years Years 58 U. Arı D. – U. Bee J. 2020, 20 (1): 51-61 Area (km2) Area (km2) ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE 200 1000 Aladağ Yüreğir 150 800 600 100 400 50 200 0 0 2000 2006 2012 2018 2000 2006 2012 2018 Years Years 140 600 120 Düziçi Kozan500 100 400 80 300 60 40 200 20 100 0 0 2000 2006 2012 2018 2000 2006 2012 2018 Years Years 120 200 100 Pozantı Erdemli 150 80 60 100 40 50 20 0 0 2000 2006 2012 2018 2000 2006 2012 2018 Urban Agriculture Urban Agriculture Fruit Trees Pastures Fruit Trees Pastures Complex Patterns Complex Patterns Figure 7. Land use changes in some districts which have high honey production Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi – Uludag Bee Journal 2020, 20 (1): 51-61 59 Area (km2) Area (km2) Area (km2) Area (km2) Area (km2) Area (km2) ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ / RESEARCH ARTICLE CONCLUSIONS ecosystem function, Frontiers Ecol. Environ. Land use changes are considered to be the primary 2, 249–257. 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