J. BIOL. ENVIRON. SCI., 
2020, 14(42), 127-135 
Original Research Article 
 
Zinc as a Micronutrient It’s Foliar and Soil Application Effect on Seed Yield and 
Quality of Jute Seed 
 
Md. Meftahul Karim1*, Md. Abdul Alim1 and Jannatul Ferdush1 
1Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, BANGLADESH 
 
Received: 23.11.2020; Accepted: 09.12.2020; Published Online: 25.12.2020 
 
ABSTRACT 
Present study was undertaken to determine the optimum level of zinc fertilizer for yield and quality of jute seed. There were eleven 
fertilizer levels (T1: 0 kg ha-1 Zn, T2: 04 kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T : kg ha-1 3 Zn as basal, T4: kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T -1 5: kg ha Zn as basal, T6: 
12 kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T -1 7: kg ha Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T8: 06 kg ha-1 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in 
two split, T : 08 kg ha-1 9 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T -1 10: 10 kg ha Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split,  
T11: 12 kg ha-1 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split. Plant population/m2 (26.83), branches plant-1 (3.43) and 1,000 seed 
weight (2.67g) was maximum in T6. Capsule plant-1 (11.67), capsule length (67.89 mm), seed yield (0.84 ton ha-1) and BCR (1.80) were 
maximum in T9. Maximum germination (92.67) and field emergence percentage (86.33) were recorded in T10 and seed vigour 
(36.41%) in T8. Application of zinc as basal and foliar ensures better seed yield and quality. 
 
Keywords: Jute seed, Zinc, Basal and Foliar application 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
After cotton jute is the second most important fibre crops in terms of consumption. It is an important cash crop in 
Bangladesh and India, which together accounts for about 84% of world production of jute fibre (Hossain et al. 
2002). In 2015-2016, 1,360,608.12 tons of jute fibre was produced from 677,678 hectares of land that covers 
about 4.46% of total land area of Bangladesh (BBS 2018). Jute is a completely biodegradable, recyclable and 
eco-friendly lingo-cellulose fiber (Mir et al. 2008). Jute and jute products not only retard ecological degradation 
but also conserve green environment and atmosphere as a whole (Ghosh et al. 2013, Mamun et al. 2017). Seed is 
a basic input for any crop production program, which leads inevitably for agricultural change of a country but 
Bangladesh has been facing an acute shortage of quality jute seed every year (Hossen et al. 2008).  Annual 
requirement of jute seed in Bangladesh is about 5,500-6,000 tons, of which only 10-15% is produced and 
distributed by the BADC (Ali et al. 2003). As a result, every year a huge amount of jute seeds are introducing 
through official and unofficial trades from neighboring country. Unofficial imports of jute seed have no 
guarantee of its quality and are one of the major causes of low yield (Islam 2009).  
For the production of jute seed, late jute seed production technology is well known. In this technology 
jute seed is sown directly in to the field for the production of seed during mid-August to mid-September and 
harvested within January of the following year (Alam et al. 2002). Seed yield depends on various yield 
contributing characters such as plant population, plant height, number of branches/plant, number of 
capsules/plant, capsule length, number of seeds/capsule and weight of 1,000 seed. The potential of jute seed 
yield can be improved through effective manipulations of those yield contributing characters, which have 
positive contribution towards seed yield. Full expression of genetic potentiality depends upon management 
practices such as fertilization, irrigation, weeding etc. Fertilization is one of the most important management 
practices because plant growth is directly related to plant nutrition i.e. fertilization. Crop nutrient uptake and crop 
yields are the principal factors that determine optimal fertilization practices (Ju and Christie 2011). Therefore, it 
is very important to apply fertilizers in an efficient way to minimize loss and to improve the nutrient use 
efficiency (Li et al. 2009). Cultivation of high yielding varieties, intensive cropping (Islam et al. 2017), loss of 
fertile top soil and losses of nutrient through leaching (Rahman et al. 2008, Singh et al. 2011, Somani 2008).At 
global scale, about one-third of arable soils are deficient in micronutrients, particularly in zinc (Cakmak et al. 
2017). As well documented by plant physiologists, zinc exerts a great influence on basic plant life processes, 
such as (i) nitrogen metabolism – uptake of nitrogen and protein quality; (ii) photosynthesis – chlorophyll 
                                                            
* Corresponding author: karimmeftahul@gmail.com 
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2020, 14(42), 127-135 
synthesis, carbon anhydrase activity; (iii) resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses – protection against oxidative 
damage (Alloway 2008, Cakmak, 2008, Yadavi et al. 2014). Zinc is known to have an important role either as a 
metal component of enzymes or as a functional, structural or regulatory cofactor of a large number of enzymes 
(Grotz and Guerinot 2006). Zinc also plays an important role in the production of biomass (Kaya and Higgs 
2002, Cakmak 2008). Kenbaev and Sade (2002) and Hosseini (2006) reported improvement in yield components 
for application of zinc. Zinc is involved in biosynthesis of plant hormone, indole acetic acid (IAA), auxin 
metabolism and is component of variety of enzymes like, carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamic 
dehydrogenase etc. and plays an important role in enhancing the seed germination and vigor (Boonchuay et al. 
2013). Furthermore, zinc may be required for chlorophyll synthesis, pollen function and fertilization (Kaya and 
Higgs 2002, Pandey et al. 2006, Jenik and Barton 2005, Pandey and Gautam 2009, Reid et al. 2011, Vasconcelos 
et al. 2011).  
Foliar application of Zn reduces the micronutrient deficiencies and it is an efficient method because 
nutrients are easily absorbed through leaves and is best option to compensate micronutrient deficiencies in 
shorter period of time under rainfed regions (Nasiri et al. 2010). It was recently documented that zinc foliar 
application is a simple way for making quick correction of plant nutritional status, as reported for wheat 
(Erenoglu et al, 2002) and maize (Grzebisz et al. 2008). It is concluded that foliar application of zinc improves 
lentil productivity (Singh and Bhatt 2013). Therefore, efforts have been made to find the effect on different yield 
contributing characters and their effectiveness towards seed yield and quality through zinc fertilization. Since 
there is no sufficient information on interactive effect of soil and foliar applications of zinc on late jute seed 
production for that reason this experiment has undertaken. 
 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
 
Experimental site and soil 
The experiment was conducted at the research field in Jute Agriculture Experimental Station, Manikganj, during 
the month of August to December, 2019 in order to study the effect of zinc on morpho-physiology and yield 
attributes of BJRI Tossa Pat-8. 
 
Table 1. Physio-chemical properties of experimental soil. 
Properties Average content 
Soil texture Silt loam 
Soil pH 6.5 
Organic matter 1.6% 
Total Nitrogen (%) 0.08% 
available P 7.65 ppm 
K (100g-1) 0.23meq 
available S 12.87 ppm 
 
Weather Condition 
The weather conditions during the crop growing season, monthly mean minimum, maximum and average 
temperatures of the field site are presented in fig. 1a. Monthly rainfall of the experiment site is presented in 
Figure 1b. 
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2020, 14(42), 127-135 
35
350
30
300
25 Min 250
20 200
Avg mm
150
15 Rainfall
100
Max
10 50
5 0
0
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
 
Figure 1. Weather conditions (1a. monthly mean of minimum, maximum and average temperatures and 1b. rainfall) at the 
field sites in Manikganj, Bangladesh. 
 
Experimental treatments and design 
The experiment was conducted with one variety viz., BJRI Tossa Pat-8 and there were eleven different doses of 
zinc  viz., T1: 0 kg ha-1 Zn as control, T2: 04 kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T3: 06 kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T : 08 kg ha-14  Zn as 
basal, T5: 10 kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T6: 12 kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T -17: 04 kg ha  Zn - half as basal and half as foliar in 
two split, T8: 06 kg ha-1 Zn - half as basal and half as foliar in two split , T9: 08 kg ha-1 Zn - half as basal and half 
as foliar in two split, T10: 10 Kg ha-1 Zn - half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T11: 12 kg ha-1 Zn - half as 
basal and half as foliar in two split. In case of foliar application @ 2% w/v was maintained. The experimental 
field was prepared with three ploughing and cross ploughing followed by laddering. A randomized complete 
block design (RCBD) was used for this experiment with three replications. The unit plot size was 3m X 4m. The 
crop was sown on 11th August, 2019.  
The crop was fertilized with urea, triple super phosphate, muriate of potash and boron (100, 200, 100 
and 10 kg ha-1, respectively) at final land preparation. Rest of urea (100 kg ha-1) was applied at 45 days after 
sowing. Zinc fertilizer was applied as per treatment and foliar application of zinc was done in full sunny day. All 
intercultural operation operations were done as per requirement. 
 
Harvesting and Plant sampling 
When the matured seed (about 80% seed matures) of jute turned into blackish in color the plant sample were 
collected from each plot in treatment wise with proper tagged. Ten randomly selected plants were taken from 
each plot for getting accurate data. After threshing of capsule, seeds were cleaned and sun dried.  
 
Morpho-physiological characters yield & yield attributes 
Morpho-physiological characters namely plant height (m) was measured with the help of scale meter. Morpho-
physiological characters were analyzed by standard method. On the other hand yield and yield attributes viz. 
capsule length (mm), capsule plant-1, seeds capsule-1, 1,000 seed weight and seed yield (ton ha-1) were 
determined by the standard method. Any height, length, number and yield were measured by using the manual 
count and scale meter.  
 
Seed quality 
After threshing, sun dried seed were taken for quality testing with 9% moisture. For germination seeds were 
surface-sterilized first by a fungicide treatment (1 g L–1 Benlate) for 30 min, immersed in 6% calcium 
hypochlorite solution for 5 min, and then rinsed in 70% ethanol for 5 min and thoroughly washed with sterilized 
distilled water. Seeds were plated onto glass petri dishes (9 cm in diameter) containing sterile perlite and placed 
in a growth chamber where the temperature and humidity were 25 °C and 80%, respectively, with a photoperiod 
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Temperature (°C)
J. BIOL. ENVIRON. SCI., 
2020, 14(42), 127-135 
of 16 h day–1. Lighting was provided by OSRAM L36W/77 type lamps (FLUORA, white fluorescent tubes) 
providing an intensity of 1500 μmol h–1 photon–1. Each petri dish contained 100 seeds. The parameters of the 
germination capacity (GC), seed vigour and field emergence were determined by following formulas. 
 
1. Germination capacity (GC): GC (%) = n/N* 100 
 
 Here, n is the total number of germinated seeds and N is the total number of tested seeds. 
 
2. Field Emergence (%): FE(%)=n/N* 100  
 
Here, n is the total number of germinated seeds in field condition and N is the total number of tested seeds 
 
3. Vigour test:  
 
The test was conduct in laboratory with the same procedure as laboratory standard germination test. Vigour 
(Vigour value) was calculated following V=a/1+b/2+c/3+…..where V= Vigour value and a, b and c are the 
number of seed germinated after 1, 2 and 3 days. The final count was made at the end of 6th days. 
 
Statistical analysis 
The recoded data on different parameters were statistically analyzed and partitioning the variance with the help 
of “Statistix 10” software. 
 
Economic analysis 
For economic analysis, Jute seed production cost (cost required for land preparation, purchasing of seed, seed 
sowing, fertilizers application, weeding cost, crop protection measures, irrigation, and harvesting) were added 
for the evaluation of jute seed production cost with different zinc application method and quantity. Existing 
average market price (2.38 US$/kg) of jute seed and by product (35.72 US$ t−1) was used to asses gross income 
(1 USD=84 BDT). Net income was attained by excluding all expenses from gross income; and by dividing gross 
income with production cost, benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was investigated (Shah et al. 2013). 
 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
Plant Population 
Maximum plant population (26.83) was recorded in treatments T6 (12 kg ha-1 as basal dose) which was 
statistically similar to all treatments except T9 and T8 (Table 2).   
 
Plant height 
The effect of zinc on plant height was insignificant (Table 2). However numerically the maximum plant height 
(182.87) was recoded in T9 and minimum (169.78) was in T2. Munirah et al. (2015) also found that zinc has no 
effect on plant height. This experiment was conducted at field condition that plant might accumulate somewhat 
concentration of soil-Zn, therefore the external application of Zn might not affect plant height.  
 
Branch plant-1 
Branch plant-1 of late jute plant showed significant difference due to application of zinc fertilizer (table 2). 
Highest branch/plant was (3.43) was found in T6 treatment which was statistically alike to T9 and T11 treatment 
and lowest was found in control plot. Use of zinc fertilizer stimulates plant growth and better development of 
plants, leads to the increase in morphological characters such as branch number this result supported by Shah et 
al. (2016). 
 
 
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Capsule plant-1 
A significant difference was recorded in number of capsule per plant due to application of zinc (table 2). Highest 
number of capsule per plant (11.67) was recorded in T9 and lowest (9.03) was found in T1 and T3. Capsule 
number per plant showed maximum response in case of basal and foliar application of zinc. Zinc plays positive 
role to pollen function and fertilization that ultimately create positive impact on the number of capsule. Salehin 
and Rahman (2012) showed that zinc spray had a significant effect in 1% probability level on number of 
capsules per plant of Phaseolus vulgaris L.  Liu et al. (2016) also stated the same thing. 
 
Capsule length 
Capsule length of late jute seed plant was significant due to the application of zinc (Table 2). Numerically 
maximum capsule length (67.89 mm) was found in T9 and lowest (62.57 mm) for T4. Length of capsule was 
increased with the application of zinc by improving cell size or cell number. 
 
Table 2. Comparison among different zinc treatments on growth and yield contributing characters of late jute seed. 
Treatment Plant population/m2 Plant height (cm) Branch plant-1 Capsule Plant-1 Capsule Length (mm) 
T1 23.89 ab 176.2 a 2.67 c 9.03  c 64.75 abc 
T2 24.97 ab 169.78 a 2.68  bc 9.2  bc 66.35 abc 
T3 24.33 ab 182.77 a 2.72  bc 9.03 c 66.34 abc 
T4 24.83 ab 170.67 a 2.77  bc 9.17 bc 62.57 c 
T5 25.25 ab 178.20 a 2.77  bc 9.7  bc 64.28 abc 
T6 26.83 ab 178.87 a 3.43 a 10.70 ab 64.90 abc 
T7 25.09 ab 175.07 a 2.83  bc 9.90 bc 66.53 abc 
T8 23.37 b 180.77 a 2.90  bc 9.67 bc 67.64 ab 
T9 23.56 b 182.87 a 3.03 ab 11.67 a 67.89 a 
T10 23.89 ab 181.67 a 2.99  bc 10.47 abc 65.06 abc 
T11 25.61 ab 181.53 a 3.10 ab 10.33 abc 62.78 bc 
CV% 7.08 5.16 8.57 9.58 4.28 
T : 0 kg ha-1 Zn, T : 04 kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T : kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T : kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T : kg ha-1 Zn as basal, T : 12 kg ha-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zn as basal, 
T : kg ha-1 7 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T
-1 
8: 06 kg ha Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T9: 08 kg ha
-1 Zn- half 
as basal and half as foliar in two split, T10: 10 kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split,  T11: 12 kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half 
as foliar in two split 
 
Table 3. Comparison among different zinc treatments on seed/capsule, 1000 seed weight and seed yield (t/ha) of late jute 
seed. 
Treatment Seed Capsule-1 1000 seed weight (g) Seed yield(ton ha-1) 
T1 174.27 a 2.20 c 0.68 c 
T2 170.40 a 2.20 c 0.65 c 
T3 178.30 a 2.23 c 0.68 c 
T4 169.40 a 2.45 abc 0.67 c 
T5 175.10 a 2.15 c 0.68 c 
T6 179.97 a 2.67 a 0.79 ab 
T7 180.40 a 2.29 c 0.66 c 
T8 171.90 a 2.63 ab 0.69 c 
T9 184.55 a 2.30 bc 0.84 a 
T10 172.33 a 2.29 c 0.73 bc 
T11 174.33 a 2.44 abc 0.70 c 
CV% 7.14 8.13 7.42 
T -1 1: 0 kg ha Zn, T2: 04 kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, T3: kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, T4: kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, T5: kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, T6: 12 kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, 
T7: kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T8: 06 kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T9: 08 kg ha
-1 Zn- half 
as basal and half as foliar in two split, T -1 10: 10 kg ha Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split,  T11: 12 kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half 
as foliar in two split 
 
Seed capsule-1 
Zinc had no significant effect on number of seed capsule-1 (Table 3).  However maximum number (184.55) of 
seed per capsule was recorded in T9.  
 
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Thousand seed weight 
1,000 seed weight of jute was significantly different by the application of zinc fertilizer (table 3). Maximum 
1,000 seed weight (2.67g) was recorded in T6 treatment and lowest 1,000 seed weight (2.20) was found in T1 and 
T2. 
 
Seed yield (ton ha-1) 
Seed yield of late jute seed was significantly influenced by application of zinc (table 3). Highest seed yield (0.84 
ton ha-1) was observed in T9 that is statistically analogous to T6 treatment. Lowest seed yield (0.65 ton ha-1) was 
found in T2. Kaya and Higgs (2002) and Cakmak (2008) reported that zn plays as an activator of several 
enzymes in plants, and it is directly involved in the biosynthesis of growth substances such as auxin which 
produces more plant cells and more dry matter that in turn will be stored in seeds as a sink. In T9 treatment half 
of the total used zinc (8 kg ha-1) fertilizer used as foliar application. Dunsim et al. (2019) also found similar 
result. Foliar application of zinc fertilizer increases the efficiency of zinc that is also supported by Umer et al. 
(1999).  
 
Table 4. Comparison among different zinc treatments on seed quality attributes of late jute seed. 
Treatment Germination (%) Field emergence (%) Seed vigour (%) 
T1 81.33 ab 75.33 ab 29.63 bc 
T2 87.00 ab 80.67 ab 30.64 b 
T3 81.33 ab 78.33 ab 27.97 bc 
T4 88.67 ab 82.00 ab 28.93 bc 
T5 84.33 ab 78.00 ab 28.89 bc 
T6 87.00 ab 81.00 ab 30.63 b 
T7 76.67 b 70.33 b 25.40 c 
T8 92.33 a 86.00 a 36.41 a 
T9 90.00 a 84.00 a 32.79 ab 
T10 92.67 a 86.33 a 36.36 a 
T11 85.67 ab 79.67 ab 32.71 ab 
CV (%) 8.94 9.66 7.46 
T -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1: 0 kg ha Zn, T2: 04 kg ha Zn as basal, T3: kg ha Zn as basal, T4: kg ha Zn as basal, T5: kg ha Zn as basal, T6: 12 kg ha Zn as basal, 
T7: kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T -1 -1 8: 06 kg ha Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T9: 08 kg ha Zn- half 
as basal and half as foliar in two split, T10: 10 kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split,  T11: 12 kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half 
as foliar in two split 
 
Seed quality 
Basal and foliar application of zinc associated with higher germination percentage, field emergence and seed 
vigour (table 4). Numerically maximum germination percentage was found in T10 treatment. Minimum seed 
germination percentage was found in T7 treatments. Basal and foliar application of zinc fertilizer were more 
effective compare to the only basal application that means foliar application ensure better utilization of nutrients 
similar result also found by previous study on cotton (sawan et al. 2011). Highest field emergence of jute seed 
was recorded in T10 treatment and lowest in T7 treatment. Maximum seed vigour was found in T8 treatment and 
lowest in T7. Application of zinc ensures better seed germination and seed vigour (Boonchuay et al. 2013). 
 
Economic performance 
The economic performance of different treatments is presented in table 5. The highest gross return, net return 
and BCR (2,157.5 US$ ha−1, 954.80 US$ ha−1 and 1.80, respectively) was recorded in T9 treatment. The lowest 
gross return, net return and BCR (1,695.83 US$ ha−1, 548.83 US$ ha−1 and 1.48, respectively) was found in T2 
treatment. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Table 5. Cost and return analysis of Jute seed due to application of zinc as basal and foliar. 
Treatment Seed yield (ton By product yield Gross return Cost of cultivation Net return BCR 
ha-1) (ton ha-1) (US$ ha−1) (US$ ha−1) (US$ ha−1) 
T1 0.68 4.10 1767.26 1135.5 631.76 1.56 
T2 0.65 4.15 1695.83 1147 548.83 1.48 
T3 0.68 4.21 1769.40 1152 617.40 1.54 
T4 0.67 4.25 1747.02 1158.81 588.21 1.51 
T5 0.68 4.35 1774.40 1164.76 609.64 1.52 
T6 0.79 4.41 2027.38 1170.71 856.67 1.73 
T7 0.66 4.31 1725.36 1188.33 537.03 1.45 
T8 0.69 4.36 1798.57 1196.67 601.90 1.50 
T9 0.84 4.41 2157.5 1202.62 954.80 1.79 
T10 0.73 4.45 1897.02 1208.57 788.45 1.57 
T11 0.70 4.45 1825.60 1214.52 611.08 1.50 
T1: 0 kg ha
-1 Zn, T2: 04 kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, T3: kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, T4: kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, T5: kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, T6: 12 kg ha
-1 Zn as basal, 
T7: kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T8: 06 kg ha
-1 Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split, T : 08 kg ha-1 9 Zn- half 
as basal and half as foliar in two split, T -1 -1 10: 10 kg ha Zn- half as basal and half as foliar in two split,  T11: 12 kg ha Zn- half as basal and half 
as foliar in two split 
 
CONCLUSIONS 
 
The results of this study suggest that the application of zinc have some positive impact on maximum yield 
contributing characters that ultimately improve the seed yield. Application of zinc as basal and foliar was more 
effective compare to only basal application of zinc. Plant received 8 kg ha-1 zinc (Half as basal and half as foliar 
in two split) produced maximum seed yield and BCR for jute seed production. More research is needed to 
evaluate the potentiality of only foliar zinc fertilizer application, as well as fertilizer nutrient blends, in addition 
to evaluating application timing. Considering the present soil status, there is greater potential for application of 
zinc. The challenge is balancing crop Zn demand and timely application of Zn to maximize both uptake and 
efficiency. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
This study was funded by the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute. We are grateful to the authority of Bangladesh 
Jute Research Station for their financial and other support. We are also grateful to field staff of Jute Agricultural 
Research Station Manikganj for their cordial help during field work.  
 
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