İslam Hukuku'nda edebü'l-Kadi ve günümüz hakimlik mesleği ile karşılaştırılması
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Date
2006
Authors
Barut, Gazi
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Edebü’l-Kâdî, İslam muhakeme hukukunun genel adıdır. Hâkimin gerek muhakeme sırasında, gerekse özel yaşantısında uyması gereken kuralları ihtiva eden kitapların da genel adı olmuştur. Bu kitaplarda hâkimin kişiliği, insanlarla ilişkileri, söz ve davranışları, giyim ve kuşamı da dâhil olmak üzere özel hayatı, beşeri münasebetleri ve resmi görevleriyle ilgili hususlar yol gösterici ve düzenleyici bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. İslam hukukçuları, adaletli bir şekilde yargılama görevini Allah’a imandan sonra yapılması gereken farzların en güçlülerinden saymışlardır. Dolayısıyla devletin asli görevleri arasında yargı organı bulunmasının şart, toplumun huzur ve güvenliğinin sağlanması için hâkim tayin etmenin, devlet başkanı üzerine farz bir görev olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. İslam Yargılama Hukuku’na göre bir hâkim, kendisine getirilen bir davada öncelikle Kur’an-ı Kerim’e, yoksa Hz. Peygamber’in uygulamalarına, yine bulamamış ise hukukçu sahabelerin uygulamalarına müracaat edecek, burada da bulamazsa kendi aklı ve bilgisi ile ictihad yapacak ve anlaşmazlığı bir karara bağlayacaktır. Yargılama usulünün özü budur. Beşeri hukukta kanunlar uygulanmakla birlikte, kanunun takdir yetkisi tanıdığı veya durumun gereklerini ya da haklı sebepleri göz önünde tutmayı emrettiği konularda hâkim, hukuka ve hakkaniyete göre karar verir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle, İslamiyet öncesi başka milletlerdeki hukuk sistemlerinde hâkimliğin tarihsel seyri hakkında genel bilgi verilmiştir. Eski devletlerde tüm yetkiler kralda toplandığı için yargı erki de kral tarafından kullanılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, Edebü’l-Kâdî konusu ele alınmış, hâkimin tayini, hâkimlik şartları, hâkimin yardımcıları ve hâkimin azledilmesi konularından bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde beşeri hukuktaki yargı sistemi üzerinde durulmuş, özellikle adli yargıda hâkimlerin atanması, bağımsızlığı, idari denetimleri gibi konularda İslam yargılama hukukundaki hâkimlik ile karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır.
“EdEbû’l-Kadi” is generally known as İslamic Judgement Law. It is also the name given to books containing the rules that must be obeyed by the Judge both during his professional and personel life. These books mention about the judge’s human relationships. This includes his private life, subjects concerning his official position, his personality, his relations with people, his behaviour, and his dress and finery. According to the Muslim lawyers, the act of judging correctly or upholding justic is one of the most important religious duties (farz) after the belief in God (iman). So, they say that judgement and nominating a judge for a state are the two main responsibilities of the head of state. In İslamic Judgement Law, a judge successively appeals to Quran-ı Kerim, the Prophet’s Hadiths and the practices of the old Muslim lawyers. But if he is still unable to find the answer, he then uses his own reason and knowledge to make a decision. This is the core of the Judgement Procedure. This thesis gives general information about the historical background of judgeship according to the system of laws in other nations. In old states, the monarchs were given total authority. Therefore, judicial power was also entirely in the hands of these rulers. The second chapter thoroughly discussed the subject of “EdEbû’l-Qadi,” and the appointment of the judge, judicial conditions, assistants of the judge and discharging of duties are also mentioned. In the third chapter, the system of judgment of human law was discussed, and particularly some juridical comparisons were made between İslamic Judgement Law and human law concerning the appointment of judges, independence of judges and their administrative control.
“EdEbû’l-Kadi” is generally known as İslamic Judgement Law. It is also the name given to books containing the rules that must be obeyed by the Judge both during his professional and personel life. These books mention about the judge’s human relationships. This includes his private life, subjects concerning his official position, his personality, his relations with people, his behaviour, and his dress and finery. According to the Muslim lawyers, the act of judging correctly or upholding justic is one of the most important religious duties (farz) after the belief in God (iman). So, they say that judgement and nominating a judge for a state are the two main responsibilities of the head of state. In İslamic Judgement Law, a judge successively appeals to Quran-ı Kerim, the Prophet’s Hadiths and the practices of the old Muslim lawyers. But if he is still unable to find the answer, he then uses his own reason and knowledge to make a decision. This is the core of the Judgement Procedure. This thesis gives general information about the historical background of judgeship according to the system of laws in other nations. In old states, the monarchs were given total authority. Therefore, judicial power was also entirely in the hands of these rulers. The second chapter thoroughly discussed the subject of “EdEbû’l-Qadi,” and the appointment of the judge, judicial conditions, assistants of the judge and discharging of duties are also mentioned. In the third chapter, the system of judgment of human law was discussed, and particularly some juridical comparisons were made between İslamic Judgement Law and human law concerning the appointment of judges, independence of judges and their administrative control.
Description
Keywords
Edebü’l-Kâdî, Hüküm, Adalet, Kazâ, Yargılama, Hâkim, EdEbû’l-Qadi, Justice, Judge, Qadâ, Award, Judgement
Citation
Barut, G. (2006). İslam Hukuku'nda edebü'l-Kadi ve günümüz hakimlik mesleği ile karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.