Orta Çağ’da Tohâristan bölgesinde Halaçlar
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Date
2019-04-04
Authors
Bayburtluoğlu, Hasan
Journal Title
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Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Türkler tarih boyunca geniş coğrafî alanlara yayılma göstermiştir. Boylar hâlinde ve göçebe olarak yaşıyor olmaları buna olanak sağlamıştır. Bu boylar arasında Oğuzlar, Tokuz Oğuzlar, Tölesler, Kırgızlar, Kıpçaklar, Karluklar gibi, hâkimiyet kurdukları bölgelerde etki meydana getiren boyları gösterebiliriz. Bizim bu çalışmada ele alacağımız Türk topluluğu olan Halaçlar, bilgi kıtlığı nedeniyle zikrolunan Türk topluluklarına nazaran, tarih sahnesinde daha silik kalmıştır. Halaçlar üzerine Oğuz Kağan Destanı’nın Uygurca ve Farsça metinlerinden bilgiler elde etmekteyiz. Bilhassa X-XIV. yy. İslâm coğrafyacıları ve âlimler söz konusu kavim üzerine bilgiler sunmuştur. Ayrıca nümizmatik bulgular da bizi aydınlatan önemli kaynaklardır. Söz konusu kaynaklarda Halaçlar, “Kalaç, Halaç, Hılcî, Halacî” şeklinde geçmektedir. Yaşadıkları coğrafî bölge ise Tohâristan olarak gösterilmektedir. Halaçlar, Âmuderyâ’nın güneyine erken inen Türk toplulukları arasındadır. Âmuderyâ’nın güneyinde ilk olarak VII. yy.’ın son çeyreğinde iki Baktriya vesikasında isimleri “Xalaso” şeklinde geçmektedir. Çin yıllıklarında ise aynı bölgede “Hedaluozhi”- “Gedaluozhi” isimleri ile karşımıza çıkmaktadırlar. Âmuderyâ’nın güneyinde elde edilen Brahmice yazılı sikkelerde “Hitivira Kharalaca” yani “Halaç İlteberi” yazılı paralar vesilesiyle bölgede izleri sürülebilmektedir. İslâm kaynaklarında yazımdan kaynaklanan yanlışlık sebebiyle Halaçlar ile Karlukların birbirine karıştırılması söz konusu olmuştur. Fakat Karlukların VII-VIII. asırlarda Âmuderyâ’nın güneyine indiklerini teyit edecek bilgi bulunamadığından, iki topluluğun birbirinden farklı topluluklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İslâm alimi El- Hârizmî’ye göre Halaçlar, Eftalitlerin kalıntısı olarak gösterilmektedir. Bu tezi destekleyen tarihçiler mevcuttur. Halaçlar, Arapların Orta Asya’ya sefer düzenlediği ilk yıllarda (VII. yy.) onlarla mücadeleye girişen ilk Türk toplulukları arasındadır. Özellikle bu süreçte “Rutbil” isimli Halaç Beyleri, Tohâristan’da etkin rol oynadılar. Söz konusu dönemde Halaç beyi olduğu ileri sürülen “Tarhan Nizek” isimli bir bey de etkin rol oynamıştır. Halaçların İslâm akınları ile karşılaşan ilk Türk boyları arasında gösteriliyor olması, onların ilk İslâmlaşan Türkler arsında olduğunu söylememize olanak sağlar. v İslâmî dönemde takribî VII-X. yy.’larda Halaçlar, Hindukuş’un güneyinde, Kâbul ırmağı boyunca hüküm sürecek olan “Kâbul-Şâhî” Devleti’ni kurdular. Söz konusu devlet, IX. yy.’da İslamiyet’i kabul etmiştir. Kâbul-Şâhîler, XI. yy. başlarına kadar hüküm sürmüş, Gandhara, Gilgit ve Uddiyana bölgelerini sınırları içerisinde bulundurmuştur. Onların bölgedeki hükümranlığına Gazneli Mahmud son vermiştir. Gazneli Mahmud, Kâbul-Şâhîlerin hâkimiyetine son verdikten sonra Halaçlar, XIXIII. yy.’lar arasında Gazneliler, Gurlular ve Hârezmşâhların, yani dönemin bölgesel güçlerinin ordularında etkin rol oynadılar. XIII-XIV. yy.’lar arasında ise Delhi Türk Sultanlığı adına Güney Hindistan’da fütuhat yaptılar ve nihayetinde 1290’dan 1320 yılına kadar sürecek Halacîler evresini tesis ettiler. Halaçlar, Tohâristan’dan Batıya ve Güneye göç ettiler. Kuzey-Güney Azerbaycan ve Anadolu’nun muhtelif yerlerinde Halaç isimli yerleşkelere rastlanır. Günümüzde İran’ın Kum eyaletinde hâlâ varlık gösteriyorlar. Güney Hindistan’a göç edenlerse asimile olarak yerelleştiler. Tohâristan’da Gazne bölgesinde kalan bir zümre Peştunlaşıp, “Gılzey” adı altında değişime uğradı.
Turks throughout history have spread to wide geographical areas. Living in the form of tribe and nomadic has provided a possibility for this. Among these tribes, we can show the tribes that have created a substantial effect in the regions where they have dominated such as Oghuz, Toghuz Oghuz, Töles tribes, Kirghizes, Kipchaks, Karluqs. The Khalajs, which is a Turkic community that we will consider in this study, have been more obscure in the historical process compared to the tribes, who were mentioned, due to the scarcity of information. We have information about Khalajs from the texts of the Oghuz Kagan Epics in Uyghur and Persian. In particular, Islamic geographers and scholars among the 10th and 14th centruies gave information about the tribe in question. Besides, the Numismatic finds coins are sources that enlighten us. In the mentioned sources, Khalajs are in the form of “Khalach, Khalaj, Khilji, Khalaji.” Khalajs were among the first Turkic groups living in Tokharistan region. The word “Khalaj” was first used in the last quarter of the 7th century in the two Bactrian documents in the Samangan province in the the south of Amu Darya. The name “Khalaj” is in the form of “Xalaso” in the Bactrian documents. They are identified with the names “Hedaluozhi”-“Gedaluozhi” in Xin Tangshu, the Chinese source. They are called "Hitivira Kharalaca" on the coins in Brahmi. There are various opinions on the origins of the Khalaj. In particular, the information provided on that they are the same as the “Karluq” tribe and that they are the remains of the Ephthalites are of great importance. Apart from these views, there are historians who stated that they belonged to the “Oghuz.” There are various opinions on the origins of the Khalaj. In particular, the information provided on that they are the same as the “Karluq” tribe and that they are the remains of the Ephthalites are of great importance. Apart from these views, there are historians who stated that they belonged to the Oghuz. The political history of Karluqs are important to distinguish the Khalaj and Karluq. In the framework of this process, while the name of the “Khalaj” appears in Tokharistan in the last quarter of the 7th century, Karluqs had not passed to south of Amu vii Darya. Another difference appears in titles; the “Karluq” rulers used the title yabghu while “Khalaj” ones were using title rutbil/ilteber. The reason why the Khalaj is named as Karluqs is the result of a trick of the Arabic letters. The earlier Muslim authors frequently used the forms “Karluq” ( قرلوق ) and “Khallukh” ( خلّخ ) of which the latter is very easily confused with Khalaj ( .(خلج About the origin of Khalajs a thesis that they were the remains of the Ephthalites is noteworthy for the fact that the region of the Khalaj overlaps with region of the Ephthalites. The historians who support this view, apply to Mafatih al-‘Ulum, the work of Islamic scholar Al-Xwarazmi. According to him, the tribes of “Khalaj” and “Kanğina” were the remnants of the Ephthalites. The Khalajs were among the first Turkic communities to fight against Arabs in Central Asia (7th century). Especially in this process, Khalaj rulers, named “Rutbil”, played an active role in Tokharistan. “Nizek Tarkhan”, who was claimed to be the governor of Khalaj, played an active role in this period. The fact that the Khalajs were among the first Turkic tribes to encounter with Islamic conquers allows us to say that they were among the first Muslim Turks. Predictably between the 7th and 10th centuries in the Islamic period, the Khalajs established the “Kabul-Shahi” state, which will rule throughout the river of Kabul in the south of Hindukush. This state accepted Islam in the 9th century. The Kabul-Shahi State ruled the first years of the 11th century and had the Gandhara, Gilgit and Uddiyana regions within its borders. Mahmud of Ghazni, put an end to their provision. After the end of Kabul-Shahi's rule, the Khalajs played an active role in the armies of Ghaznavids, Ghurids and Khwarezmshahs, the regional powers of the period between the 11th and 13th centuries. Between the 13th and 14th centuries, they followed the policy of conquest in South India on behalf of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi, and eventually established the age of Khalaji which lasted from 1290 to 1320. The Khalajs migrated from Tokharistan to the West and the South. In some parts of North-South Azerbaijan and Anatolia, there are some settlements called Khalaj. In this time they still exist in the Qum state of Iran. Those who immigrated to South India were domestic by the reason of assimilation. In the region of Ghazna in Tokharistan, the Khalajs changed under the name of “Ghilzay.”
Turks throughout history have spread to wide geographical areas. Living in the form of tribe and nomadic has provided a possibility for this. Among these tribes, we can show the tribes that have created a substantial effect in the regions where they have dominated such as Oghuz, Toghuz Oghuz, Töles tribes, Kirghizes, Kipchaks, Karluqs. The Khalajs, which is a Turkic community that we will consider in this study, have been more obscure in the historical process compared to the tribes, who were mentioned, due to the scarcity of information. We have information about Khalajs from the texts of the Oghuz Kagan Epics in Uyghur and Persian. In particular, Islamic geographers and scholars among the 10th and 14th centruies gave information about the tribe in question. Besides, the Numismatic finds coins are sources that enlighten us. In the mentioned sources, Khalajs are in the form of “Khalach, Khalaj, Khilji, Khalaji.” Khalajs were among the first Turkic groups living in Tokharistan region. The word “Khalaj” was first used in the last quarter of the 7th century in the two Bactrian documents in the Samangan province in the the south of Amu Darya. The name “Khalaj” is in the form of “Xalaso” in the Bactrian documents. They are identified with the names “Hedaluozhi”-“Gedaluozhi” in Xin Tangshu, the Chinese source. They are called "Hitivira Kharalaca" on the coins in Brahmi. There are various opinions on the origins of the Khalaj. In particular, the information provided on that they are the same as the “Karluq” tribe and that they are the remains of the Ephthalites are of great importance. Apart from these views, there are historians who stated that they belonged to the “Oghuz.” There are various opinions on the origins of the Khalaj. In particular, the information provided on that they are the same as the “Karluq” tribe and that they are the remains of the Ephthalites are of great importance. Apart from these views, there are historians who stated that they belonged to the Oghuz. The political history of Karluqs are important to distinguish the Khalaj and Karluq. In the framework of this process, while the name of the “Khalaj” appears in Tokharistan in the last quarter of the 7th century, Karluqs had not passed to south of Amu vii Darya. Another difference appears in titles; the “Karluq” rulers used the title yabghu while “Khalaj” ones were using title rutbil/ilteber. The reason why the Khalaj is named as Karluqs is the result of a trick of the Arabic letters. The earlier Muslim authors frequently used the forms “Karluq” ( قرلوق ) and “Khallukh” ( خلّخ ) of which the latter is very easily confused with Khalaj ( .(خلج About the origin of Khalajs a thesis that they were the remains of the Ephthalites is noteworthy for the fact that the region of the Khalaj overlaps with region of the Ephthalites. The historians who support this view, apply to Mafatih al-‘Ulum, the work of Islamic scholar Al-Xwarazmi. According to him, the tribes of “Khalaj” and “Kanğina” were the remnants of the Ephthalites. The Khalajs were among the first Turkic communities to fight against Arabs in Central Asia (7th century). Especially in this process, Khalaj rulers, named “Rutbil”, played an active role in Tokharistan. “Nizek Tarkhan”, who was claimed to be the governor of Khalaj, played an active role in this period. The fact that the Khalajs were among the first Turkic tribes to encounter with Islamic conquers allows us to say that they were among the first Muslim Turks. Predictably between the 7th and 10th centuries in the Islamic period, the Khalajs established the “Kabul-Shahi” state, which will rule throughout the river of Kabul in the south of Hindukush. This state accepted Islam in the 9th century. The Kabul-Shahi State ruled the first years of the 11th century and had the Gandhara, Gilgit and Uddiyana regions within its borders. Mahmud of Ghazni, put an end to their provision. After the end of Kabul-Shahi's rule, the Khalajs played an active role in the armies of Ghaznavids, Ghurids and Khwarezmshahs, the regional powers of the period between the 11th and 13th centuries. Between the 13th and 14th centuries, they followed the policy of conquest in South India on behalf of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi, and eventually established the age of Khalaji which lasted from 1290 to 1320. The Khalajs migrated from Tokharistan to the West and the South. In some parts of North-South Azerbaijan and Anatolia, there are some settlements called Khalaj. In this time they still exist in the Qum state of Iran. Those who immigrated to South India were domestic by the reason of assimilation. In the region of Ghazna in Tokharistan, the Khalajs changed under the name of “Ghilzay.”
Description
Keywords
Tohâristan, Tokharistan, Halaç, Karluk, İslâm, Delhi, Khalaj, Tarkhan Nizek, Karluq, Islam, Kabul-Shah, Rutbil, Kâbul-Şâhî
Citation
Bayburtluoğlu, H. (2019). Orta Çağ’da Tohâristan bölgesinde Halaçlar. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.