Abbâsîler döneminde vezirlik (295-530/908-1136)
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Date
2016-02-12
Authors
Hançabay, Halil İbrahim
Journal Title
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Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
İslâm dünyasında Emevîler'in ardından kurulan Abbâsîler, tesis etmiş oldukları kurumlarla sonraki pek çok İslâm devletine örnek olmuşlardır. Bu kurumların başında da vezirlik müessesesi gelmektedir. İslâm toplumunda resmi bir kurum olarak ilk defa Abbâsîler'le birlikte ortaya çıkan vezirlik müessesesi, II. (VIII.) asrın sonlarına doğru tam teşekküllü bir yapı haline gelmiş ve Benî Furât, Benî Cerrâh ve Benî Hâkân gibi güçlü vezir ailelerinin de etkisiyle Muktedir-Billâh zamanında (295-320/908-932) son kudretli dönemini yaşamıştır. Râzî-Billâh'ın İbn Râik'i resmen emîrü'l-ümerâ olarak tayin etmesinden (324/936) sonra güç ve yetkisi önemli ölçüde azalan vezirlik kurumu, Büveyhîler'in Bağdat'ı işgal etmesiyle (334/946) birlikte işlevini neredeyse tamamen yitirmiştir. Bu dönemde Büveyhî emirlerinin kâtipleri vezirlerin yerini alırken, Abbâsî halifelerinin vezirleri de kâtip sıfatıyla halifelerin özel işlerini takip etmekle görevlendirilmişlerdir. Nihâyet Büveyhîler'in Bağdat'taki varlıklarının sona ermesinden kısa bir süre önce İbnü'l-Müslime'nin, Kâim-Biemrillâh tarafından resmen vezir olarak görevlendirilmesiyle (437/1045) vezirlik kurumu tekrar işlerlik kazanmıştır. Ancak Arslan el-Besâsîrî tehlikesinin bertaraf edilmesinin ardından (451/1060) Abbâsîler'de Selçuklu nüfuzu dönemi başlamış ve vezirlik kurumunun işleyişinde Selçuklu sultanı ve vezirinin etkisi zaman zaman yoğun bir şekilde hissedilmiştir. Bu etki Muktefî-Liemrillâh'ın (530-555/1136-1160) halifeliğine kadar, azalarak da olsa, devam etmiştir. Bu tezde, halifenin ve onun vekili olarak vezirin güç ve otoritesindeki değişim dikkate alınarak, Muktedir'in halifeliğinden Selçuklu nüfuzunun sona erdiği Muktedî-Liemrillâh dönemine kadar, vezirlik kurumunun tarihî gelişimi ve işleyişi üzerinde durulmaktadır.
Abbasids that was established after Umayyads in Islamic world, became a model for many Islamic states, with the institutions they founded. The Vizierate is the primary of these institutions. The Vizierate that arised in Islamic society firstly in Abbasids period, became as a full-fledged structure at the end of the second century after the Hijrah (A.D. VIII), and it has been reached its last glorious era with the impact of the powerful vizier families such as Banū al-Furāt, Banū al-Jarrāh and Banū al-Khāqān in the time of al-Muqtadir (295-320/908-932). After the appointment of Muhammed ibn Rā'iq, the governor of Wāsit in 324/936, officially as Amīr al-Umarā by the Caliph al-Rādī, the power and authority of the vizierate reduced, after the Buyids occupation of Baghdad the vizierate lost almost all of its functions. During this period while the secretaries (kātip) of Buwayhid amīrs came to take place of the vizier, the Abbasid viziers were charged in his character of secretary to deal with the private affairs of the caliphs. Finally, shortly before the end of the presence of Buwayhids in Baghdad, the vizierate became functional with the appointment of Ibn al-Muslima (437/1045) officially as a vizier by the Caliph al-Qā'im. However, after the removing of Arslan al-Basāsīrī (451/1060), the Seljuk penetration period started in Abbasids and the Seljuk sultan and his vizier's influence was felt, from time to time, strongly in the functioning of the vizirate. This influence, even if decreasingly, continued to the reign of al-Muqtafī (530-555/1136-1160). In this thesis, considering the changes in the power and authority of the caliph and the vizier as caliph's deputy, it is focused on the historical development and functioning of the vizierate from the reign of al-Muqtadir to the caliphate of al-Muqtafī when the Seljuk penetration ended.
Abbasids that was established after Umayyads in Islamic world, became a model for many Islamic states, with the institutions they founded. The Vizierate is the primary of these institutions. The Vizierate that arised in Islamic society firstly in Abbasids period, became as a full-fledged structure at the end of the second century after the Hijrah (A.D. VIII), and it has been reached its last glorious era with the impact of the powerful vizier families such as Banū al-Furāt, Banū al-Jarrāh and Banū al-Khāqān in the time of al-Muqtadir (295-320/908-932). After the appointment of Muhammed ibn Rā'iq, the governor of Wāsit in 324/936, officially as Amīr al-Umarā by the Caliph al-Rādī, the power and authority of the vizierate reduced, after the Buyids occupation of Baghdad the vizierate lost almost all of its functions. During this period while the secretaries (kātip) of Buwayhid amīrs came to take place of the vizier, the Abbasid viziers were charged in his character of secretary to deal with the private affairs of the caliphs. Finally, shortly before the end of the presence of Buwayhids in Baghdad, the vizierate became functional with the appointment of Ibn al-Muslima (437/1045) officially as a vizier by the Caliph al-Qā'im. However, after the removing of Arslan al-Basāsīrī (451/1060), the Seljuk penetration period started in Abbasids and the Seljuk sultan and his vizier's influence was felt, from time to time, strongly in the functioning of the vizirate. This influence, even if decreasingly, continued to the reign of al-Muqtafī (530-555/1136-1160). In this thesis, considering the changes in the power and authority of the caliph and the vizier as caliph's deputy, it is focused on the historical development and functioning of the vizierate from the reign of al-Muqtadir to the caliphate of al-Muqtafī when the Seljuk penetration ended.
Description
Keywords
Abbâsîler, Selçuklular, Selçuklular dönemi, Vezirlik, Abbasids, Seljuks period, Seljuks, Vizierate
Citation
Hançabay, H. İ. (2015). Abbâsîler döneminde vezirlik (295-530/908-1136). Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.