Çarpık kentleşmenin deprem riski açısından Bursa Soğanlı Bölgesi örneğinde incelenmesi
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Date
2006
Authors
Olgun, Fitnat
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Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Tarihin ilk çağlarından beri barınma ve toplu yaşama içgüdüsü ile var olan insanoğlu, geçirdiği evrim paralelinde mağara ve ağaç kovuklarında başlayan yaşam serüvenini günümüzün modern kentlerine kadar taşımıştır. Bu sürecin gelişiminde yani kırsal yaşamdan kentsel yaşama geçişte toplumların geçirdiği gelişmeler itici ve çekici güçler olarak etkin faktör olmuştur. Bu gelişmelerin başında insanlığın sanayi toplumuna geçişi gelmektedir. Sanayi toplumuna geçişle birlikte ulaşım imkânları artmış, kentlerin insanlara sunduğu imkan ve hizmetler artmış, sanayinin ihtiyaç duyduğu iş gücü ile kırdan kente göç yani kentleşme olgusu ortaya çıkmıştır. Kentleşme pek çok ülkede olduğu gibi ülkemizde de II. Dünya Savaşından sonra hızlanmış ve halen devam etmektedir. Kentleşmenin sonuçları ise ülkelerin bu dönüşüm esnasında izledikleri politikalar, siyasi rejimler ve kentleşme stratejileri ile ilgilidir. Ülkemizde yaşanan kentleşme süreci ve izlenen politikalar ve verilen yanlış kararlar ile çarpık olarak yaşanmış ve yaşanmaktadır. Çarpık kentleşmenin düşük yaşam standartları ve olumsuz çevre koşulları dışında taşıdığı en büyük risk de ortaya çıkan deprem riskidir. Tezin giriş bölümünde, çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı ve yöntemi açıklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, çarpık kentleşmenin yarattığı deprem risklerinin yapısal ölçekte belirlenmesi ve alınması gereken önlemlerin tespitidir. Kullanılan yöntem, literatür çalışması ve gözlemsel alan analizidir. İkinci bölümde, depremin tanımı, oluşumu, Türkiye ve Bursa’nın depremselliği araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda Türkiye’nin iki önemli deprem kuşağı üzerinde yer aldığı, tarihte birçok yıkıcı depreme sahne olduğu, bir sanayi kenti olan Bursa’nın da yüksek deprem riski taşıyan bir konumda yer aldığı belirlenmiştir. Tezin üçüncü bölümünde Türkiye’nin kentleşme süreci ve bu süreç içerisinde deprem olgusunun yeri, verilen planlama ve yerleşim kararları incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde çarpık kentleşmenin neden olduğu yapısal problemler, deprem riskini arttıran faktörler üzerinde durulmuştur. Beşinci bölümde, kentlerde deprem zararlarının azaltılması için deprem öncesinde, deprem anında ve deprem sonrasında yapılması gereken çalışmalar anlatılmaktadır. Afet yönetimi ile ilgili yurtdışında ve ülkemizde yapılan çalışmalar Bursa ölçeğine kadar inilerek açıklanmaktadır. Altıncı bölümde alan çalışması yapılmıştır. Alan çalışmasına konu olan Soğanlı Bölgesi Kanalboyu Caddesi’ndeki bir yapı adasındaki yapılar deprem risklerinin belirlenmesi için hazırlanan analiz föyü ile incelenmiş, alandan seçilen riskli yapılardan biri daha detaylı olarak deprem riski açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda Soğanlı Bölgesi’nin kaçak yapılaşma sonucunda büyük riskler taşıdığı ve bölge ile ilgili önlem alınması gerektiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda ise, yurtdışında afet yönetiminde deprem öncesi risk azaltma çalışmalarına önem verilirken, ülkemizde bununla ilgili yapılan çalışmaların yetersiz olduğu, çarpık kentleşme sonucunda ortaya çıkan riskli yapıların büyük tehlikeler taşıdığı üzerinde durulmuştur.
From the beginning of the first ages of history, human beings, with the instinct of sheltering and living together, have carried his living adventure from caves and hollows of trees to modern cities. In the development of this period, in other words in the transition of rural life to urban life, appealing and repulsive forces have been active factors of the developments that society has passed through. In the beginning of this development there is human beings passing to industrial society. By passing into industrial society, transportation facilities, opportunities and services that the cities submitted to people are increased. Feeling the need for productive power of industry, migration from rural to urban areas, in other words the fact of urbanization has appeared. Urbanization is accelerated in our country as well as in other countries after the World War II and it is still going on. The results of urbanization are related to political systems and strategies of countries during this transformation, The urbanization period in our country is crooked because of the politics that are followed and the wrong decisions. The biggest risk of unhealthy urbanization is not only low living standarts and negative environmental conditions but also the earthquake risk. In the introduction part of the thesis the aim extent and methods of this work is explained. The aim of this project is to define earthquake risks caused by unhealthy urbanization on structural scale and to set the precautions that should be taken. The methods used are literature work and observational area analysis. In the second part the definition of earthquake, its formation, seismic zones of Turkey and Bursa is searched thoroughly. At the end of the research it’s seen that Turkey is on the two main seismic zones, in the history a lot of destructive earthquakes had taken place and Bursa, which is an industrial city that is under a high risk of earthquake because of its location. In the third part of the thesis Turkey’s urbanization period and the place of earthquake facts in this period are given, planning and settlement decisions are examined. In the fourth part, the structural problems as a result of unhealthy urbanization and the factors increasing earthquake risks are studied. The studies that should be done before the earthquake, during the earthquake and after the earthquake to reduce the damages are explained in the fifth part. The studies that are done abroad and in our country about disaster management are explained according to the scale of Bursa. In the sixth part area studies are done. The analyis report which is formed to emphasize the earthquake risks of buildings which are in the area of Soğanlı Region, Kanalboyu Altıngül street is observed and a building which is chosen between these risky buildings is examined deeply. At the end of the analysis it is seen that in the Soğanlı region, there are a lot of risks as a result of unlicensed construction and precautions must be taken. It’s also observed that precautions that are taken before the earthquake reduces the risks as a part of disaster management in European countries whereas the studies in our country are not sufficiant. The risks that buildings have because of unhealthy urbanization are explained.
From the beginning of the first ages of history, human beings, with the instinct of sheltering and living together, have carried his living adventure from caves and hollows of trees to modern cities. In the development of this period, in other words in the transition of rural life to urban life, appealing and repulsive forces have been active factors of the developments that society has passed through. In the beginning of this development there is human beings passing to industrial society. By passing into industrial society, transportation facilities, opportunities and services that the cities submitted to people are increased. Feeling the need for productive power of industry, migration from rural to urban areas, in other words the fact of urbanization has appeared. Urbanization is accelerated in our country as well as in other countries after the World War II and it is still going on. The results of urbanization are related to political systems and strategies of countries during this transformation, The urbanization period in our country is crooked because of the politics that are followed and the wrong decisions. The biggest risk of unhealthy urbanization is not only low living standarts and negative environmental conditions but also the earthquake risk. In the introduction part of the thesis the aim extent and methods of this work is explained. The aim of this project is to define earthquake risks caused by unhealthy urbanization on structural scale and to set the precautions that should be taken. The methods used are literature work and observational area analysis. In the second part the definition of earthquake, its formation, seismic zones of Turkey and Bursa is searched thoroughly. At the end of the research it’s seen that Turkey is on the two main seismic zones, in the history a lot of destructive earthquakes had taken place and Bursa, which is an industrial city that is under a high risk of earthquake because of its location. In the third part of the thesis Turkey’s urbanization period and the place of earthquake facts in this period are given, planning and settlement decisions are examined. In the fourth part, the structural problems as a result of unhealthy urbanization and the factors increasing earthquake risks are studied. The studies that should be done before the earthquake, during the earthquake and after the earthquake to reduce the damages are explained in the fifth part. The studies that are done abroad and in our country about disaster management are explained according to the scale of Bursa. In the sixth part area studies are done. The analyis report which is formed to emphasize the earthquake risks of buildings which are in the area of Soğanlı Region, Kanalboyu Altıngül street is observed and a building which is chosen between these risky buildings is examined deeply. At the end of the analysis it is seen that in the Soğanlı region, there are a lot of risks as a result of unlicensed construction and precautions must be taken. It’s also observed that precautions that are taken before the earthquake reduces the risks as a part of disaster management in European countries whereas the studies in our country are not sufficiant. The risks that buildings have because of unhealthy urbanization are explained.
Description
Keywords
Çarpık kentleşme, Deprem, Afet yönetimi, Güvenlikli yapı, Unhealthy urbanization, Earthquake, Disaster management, Security building
Citation
Olgun, F. (2006). Çarpık kentleşmenin deprem riski açısından Bursa Soğanlı Bölgesi örneğinde incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.