Türk romanında erkek egemen topluma başkaldıran kadınlar (1872-1960)
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Date
2017-03-31
Authors
Balkız, Hande
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Tanzimat Fermanının ilanından 1960 yılına kadar uzanan süreç Türk toplumu için siyasî, sosyal ve ekonomik alanda köklü değişimlerin yaşandığı bir zaman dilimini ifade etmektedir. Özellikle kadınlar için yeni kimlikleri beraberinde getiren modernleşme/Batılılaşma çalışmaları yazarlarca sanatsal boyuta aktarılmıştır. Gerçek dünyada eğitim ile bilinçlenen kadınların dile getirdikleri tepkiler roman kahramanlarının düşüncelerinde ve tavırlarında da değişimlere sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada 1872-1960 yılları arasında yazılan romanlardaki kadın kahramanların erkek egemen toplum düzeni ve onun değerlerine başkaldırı biçimleri incelenmiştir. Yeniden yapılandırılan toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri, romanlarda özel/mahrem ve kamusal alandaki yerini sorgulayan, eril tahakküme başkaldıran ve kendine yeni haklar talep eden kadın kahramanlar vasıtasıyla sunulmuştur. Bu nedenle çalışmada öncelikle başkaldırı ve kadın arasındaki bağlantıyı açıklayıcı kılmak için toplumsal cinsiyet, başkaldırı, feminizm ve kadın hareketleri konuları değerlendirilmiştir. İncelenen romanlardaki kadın kahramanların erkek egemenliğine gösterdikleri tepkilerin ev içi (özel/mahrem alan) ve ev dışı (kamusal alan) olmak üzere iki alanı ilgilendirdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu tespitten hareketle kadın kahramanların başkaldırıları özel/mahrem alan ve kamusal alan ayrımında değerlendirilmiştir. Kadın kahramanların özel/mahrem alandaki başkaldırılarının daha çok eşlerine ve babalarına yönelik olduğu ve görücü usulü evlilik, çok eşlilik gibi kadını ötekileştiren, ikincilleştiren konulara odaklandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Eğitimle edinilen bilinç kadınların mahrem alandaki başkaldırılarını kamusal alana da taşımıştır. Eğitim aldıkça kendini tanımaya başlayan ve başlı başına bir birey olduğunu fark eden kadın kahramanlar çalışma hayatı, siyasî hayat ve huhukî hayattaki eril tahakküme de başkaldırmışlardır. Çalışma içerisinde cinsiyetçi yaklaşım olmaması adına kadın ve erkek yazarlar arasında bir ayrım yapılmamıştır ancak yazarların kadın başkaldırısına dair aldıkları tavır farkları belirtilmiştir. Erkek yazarların konuya, hâkim kültürel kodlar aracılığıyla baktıkları ve genellikle erkek egemen geleneksel yapıyla uzlaştıkları tespit edilmiştir. Kadın yazarların ise konuyu çok katmanlı ele aldıkları ve geleneksel ahlâkı kadın lehine sorguladıkları görülmüştür. Çalışmanın sonunda kadın veya erkek yazarların konuya benzer duyarlılıkla yaklaştıkları, gerçek dünyadaki kadın hareketlerinden etkilendikleri ve kadın kahramanlarına erkek egemen topluma başkaldırma fırsatı verdikleri tespit edilmiştir.
The process that continued from Ottoman Reformation's declaration to 1960 infers a time period being lived radical changes in political, social and economical are for Turkısh society. Modernization/westernization studies that bring new identities especially for women have been passed on artistic dimension by the writers. Reactions of the women becoming concious by the help of education in real World cause the changes in novel characters thoughts and attitudes too. İn this resarch, the rebellion forms of the female characters in novels written between the years of 1872 and 1960 against male-dominated socail order and its values have been studied. Restructured gender roles are presented by means of female characters in novels that interrogate their places in private and public areas, rebel male domination and ıssue new rights for themselves. Therefore, to explain the relation between rebellion and women clearly issues of gender role, rebellion, feminism and women movements re evaluated in the resarch primarily. It has been identified that the reactions of the female characters in the studied novels to the male domination are related to two areas of indoor (private) and out of home. On the basis of this identification, female characters are evaluated at private area and public area. It has been identified that female characters's rebellion in their private area is against especially their fathers and husbands and they focused on the issues like polygamy and arranged marriage which maket he women marginalize and subordinatione. The main reason of women's reaction to their family and husbands is linked to the rise in their educational level. The cosnciousness coming with education transfers womens's private area rebellion to the public sphere. Female characters starting to know themselves and realising that they are an individual person by the help of education have rebelled the male domination in political life, legal life and work life. İn reasorch, it isn't discriminated between men and women writers in order not to have a sexist approach. But writers behaviour differences against women rebellion is expressed. It has been identified that men writers handle the subject throgh the dominant culturel codes and generally compromise with the male dominant traditional structure. On the other hand, it has been seen that women writers handle the subject delicately and examine traditional morality in favor of women. At the end of the resarch, it has been identified that men and women writers approach the subject with similar sensitivity, are influenced by the women's movements in real world and give an apoortiunity to their female characters to rebel the male-dominated society.
The process that continued from Ottoman Reformation's declaration to 1960 infers a time period being lived radical changes in political, social and economical are for Turkısh society. Modernization/westernization studies that bring new identities especially for women have been passed on artistic dimension by the writers. Reactions of the women becoming concious by the help of education in real World cause the changes in novel characters thoughts and attitudes too. İn this resarch, the rebellion forms of the female characters in novels written between the years of 1872 and 1960 against male-dominated socail order and its values have been studied. Restructured gender roles are presented by means of female characters in novels that interrogate their places in private and public areas, rebel male domination and ıssue new rights for themselves. Therefore, to explain the relation between rebellion and women clearly issues of gender role, rebellion, feminism and women movements re evaluated in the resarch primarily. It has been identified that the reactions of the female characters in the studied novels to the male domination are related to two areas of indoor (private) and out of home. On the basis of this identification, female characters are evaluated at private area and public area. It has been identified that female characters's rebellion in their private area is against especially their fathers and husbands and they focused on the issues like polygamy and arranged marriage which maket he women marginalize and subordinatione. The main reason of women's reaction to their family and husbands is linked to the rise in their educational level. The cosnciousness coming with education transfers womens's private area rebellion to the public sphere. Female characters starting to know themselves and realising that they are an individual person by the help of education have rebelled the male domination in political life, legal life and work life. İn reasorch, it isn't discriminated between men and women writers in order not to have a sexist approach. But writers behaviour differences against women rebellion is expressed. It has been identified that men writers handle the subject throgh the dominant culturel codes and generally compromise with the male dominant traditional structure. On the other hand, it has been seen that women writers handle the subject delicately and examine traditional morality in favor of women. At the end of the resarch, it has been identified that men and women writers approach the subject with similar sensitivity, are influenced by the women's movements in real world and give an apoortiunity to their female characters to rebel the male-dominated society.
Description
Keywords
Feminizm, Toplumsal cinsiyet, Kadın, Başkaldırı, Erkek egemenliği, Ataerkil, Feminism, Restructured gender roles, Woman, Rebellion, Patriarchal
Citation
Balkız, H. (2017). Türk romanında erkek egemen topluma başkaldıran kadınlar (1872-1960). Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.