Arap dilinin tarihi ve Arapçada diglossia olgusu
Loading...
Files
Date
2010-08-03
Authors
Haruni, Sejfidin
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Dilbilimciler arasında, Câhiliyye devrinde var olan, İslam'ın ilk yıllarında da varlığını sürdüren Arap dilinin dilsel karmaşıklığı kabul edilen bir gerçek ise de, bu karmaşıklığın boyutu konusunda, delillerin azlığı sebebiyle, tek ve üzerinde uzlaşılmış bir görüş yoktur. Her halükarda, çöl şartlarında müstakil kabilelerce sürdürülen yaşam bizi, İslam'dan önce Arap dilinin tamamen homojen bir yapıya sahip olmadığını düşünmeye zorlar. Ancak, yaşam şartlarının düzelmesiyle birlikte, Câhiliyye döneminde dinî, siyasî ve ticarî merkez konumuna gelen Mekke'de, birçok kabilenin birbirleriyle karışması sonucunda ortak bir dilin oluştuğu düşünülebilir. Bu dil, Kur'ân'la birlikte kemale ermiştir.Milâdi VII. ve VIII. yüzyılda yapılan fetihlerle birlikte Arap dili, Arap yarımadasının dışına çıkmıştır. Fethedilen yeni yerlerde genelde azınlık olarak yaşayan Araplar, dillerini birçok yabancı dilin tesirinden korumakta zorlandılar. O zamandan beri büyümeye başlayan edebî dil ile halk dili arasındaki uçurum, Abbâsi döneminde ve sonrasında, merkezî otoritenin zayıflaması ve yönetimin yabancı eline geçmesiyle birlikte daha da belirgin hale gelmiştir.Arap ülkelerindeki koloniyalizm zamanında (XIX. y.y. ve sonrası) da Arap dili, Fransızca ve İngilizceden çokça etkilenmiştir. Bugün, birbirinden oldukça farklı olan edebi Arap dili ve halk dilinin Arap ülkelerindeki paralel kullanımı, sosyolinguistikte diglossia terimiyle karşılanmaktadır.
Although the complexity of the situation in which Arabic language was in the Age of Jahiliyya and during the early years of Islam is a known fact to linguists, they cannot agree on the scale of this complexity due to the lack of facts. Among other things, life in the desert of the generally independent Arab tribes makes it hard for us to believe in the complete homogeneity of the structure of the Arabic language in the times before Islam. However, with the improved living standard in Mecca, the city which afterwards had the role of the religious, political and trade centre and where tribes started mingling, we can suppose that the forming of the common Arabic language began. This language ‘matured’ with the advent of the Koran. In the 6th and 7th century, with the beginning of Islamic conquests, the Arabic language spread out of the borders of the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabs, who were a minority in most places they conquered, couldn’t, of course, manage to defend their language from the harmful influences of other languages. The discrepancy between the colloquial and the standard language, which began to grow from that time, grew to become more apparent during the Abbasids and afterwards with the decentralisation of central power and while being under other communities. During the colonisation of Arab countries, English and French had a great influence on Arabic. Nowadays, parallel use of the colloquial and classical Arabic is known as diglossia in sociolinguistic studies.
Although the complexity of the situation in which Arabic language was in the Age of Jahiliyya and during the early years of Islam is a known fact to linguists, they cannot agree on the scale of this complexity due to the lack of facts. Among other things, life in the desert of the generally independent Arab tribes makes it hard for us to believe in the complete homogeneity of the structure of the Arabic language in the times before Islam. However, with the improved living standard in Mecca, the city which afterwards had the role of the religious, political and trade centre and where tribes started mingling, we can suppose that the forming of the common Arabic language began. This language ‘matured’ with the advent of the Koran. In the 6th and 7th century, with the beginning of Islamic conquests, the Arabic language spread out of the borders of the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabs, who were a minority in most places they conquered, couldn’t, of course, manage to defend their language from the harmful influences of other languages. The discrepancy between the colloquial and the standard language, which began to grow from that time, grew to become more apparent during the Abbasids and afterwards with the decentralisation of central power and while being under other communities. During the colonisation of Arab countries, English and French had a great influence on Arabic. Nowadays, parallel use of the colloquial and classical Arabic is known as diglossia in sociolinguistic studies.
Description
Keywords
Diglossia, Standart Arap dili (fushâ, edebî dil), Halk Arapçası (ammîce), Ortak Arapça, Standard Arabic language (fushâ, literary language), Colloquial Arabic (ammiyyah), Common (coinē) Arabic
Citation
Haruni, S. (2010). Arap dilinin tarihi ve Arapçada diglossia olgusu. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.