Bursa'da iç ve dış mekan hava örneklerinde poliaromatik hidrokarbonların (PAHs) incelenmesi
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Date
2017-02-21
Authors
Kayıkçı, Gizem
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Bursa ilindeki on iki farklı ev ortamından alınan iç ve dış ortam hava örneklerinde Poli Aromatik Hidrokarbonların (PAH'ların) konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Örnekleme kapı ve camların açık olduğu yaz ve havaların soğumaya başladığı sonbahar dönemini yansıtması bakımından 2014 yılı Temmuz ve Aralık ayları arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. PAH konsantrasyonları pasif örnekleyiciler kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Yaz dönemi için ortalama Σ8PAH konsantrasyonu oturma odası, mutfak ve dış ortam havasında sırasıyla 20±17, 22±28, 10±6 ng/m3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonbahar dönemi için ortalama Σ9PAH konsantrasyonu oturma odası, mutfak ve dış ortamda sırasıyla 27±19, 21±10, 20±11 ng/m3 değerlerini almıştır. Yaz mevsiminde oturma odasından alınan örneklerde en yüksek PAH konsantrasyonu 60,59 ng/m3 değeri ile Yenibağlar mahallesinde yer alan örnekleme noktasında elde edilmiştir. Bu örnekleme noktasında sigara kullanılmaktadır. Sigara içilen örnekleme noktasındaki PAH konsantrasyonları her iki dönemde de diğer örnekleme noktalarına göre daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Yaz mevsiminde ölçülen en düşük PAH konsantrasyonu ise 9,61 ng/m3 ile Karaman mahallesindeki örnekleme noktasına aittir. Sonbahar mevsiminde oturma odasından alınan örneklerde en yüksek PAH konsantrasyonu 59,87 ng/m3 değeri ile Dereköy'de bulunmuştur. Bu örnekleme noktasında havaların soğumaya başlamasıyla soba kullanılması kirletici miktarındaki artışta etkili olmuştur. Sonbahar dönemi en düşük PAH konsantrasyonu ise 6,81 ng/m3 ile Altınşehir mahallesindeki örnekleme noktasında bulunmuştur. Altınşehir mahallesinde bulunan örnekleme noktasındaki evde sonbahar döneminde hava temizleme cihazı kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu dönemden sonra bu örnekleme noktasında PAH konsantrasyon değerlerinde düşüş yaşandığı gözlenmektedir. Yaz dönemi mutfaklardan alınan örneklerde en yüksek PAH konsantrasyonu 106,78 ng/m3 ile Dereköy'deki örnekleme noktasında, en düşük PAH konsantrasyonu 0,31 ng/m3 olarak Karaman mahallesindeki örnekleme noktasında bulunmuştur. Sonbahar dönemi mutfak örneklerindeki en yüksek PAH konsantrasyonu 36,72 ng/m3 ile Dereköy'deki örnekleme noktası iken en düşük PAH konsantrasyonu 17,21 ng/m3 olarak ölçülen Çamlıca mahallesindeki örnekleme noktası olmuştur. Dış ortam örneklerinde, sonbahar dönemi ∑10PAH konsantrasyonu 20,39±11,29 ng/m3 iken yaz dönemi örneklerinde ∑9PAH konsantrasyonu 10,19±6,13 ng/m3olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonbahar döneminde ısınma amaçlı soba kullanılan bölgeler ile diğer bölgeler karşılaştırıldığında PAH konsantrasyon değerlerinin soba kullanılan evlerde daha yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu durum dış ortam ve iç ortam örneklerinde benzerlik göstermektedir. Toplanan örneklerde elde edilen sonuçlara göre uçuculuk özelliği fazla olan ve moleküler ağırlığı düşük olan PAH türlerine (PHE, ANT, FL ve PY) ait konsantrasyon değerleri daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Her bir örnekleme noktasına ait PAH bileşiklerinin BaP ekivalent (BaPeq) değerleri hesaplanarak kanser risklerinin bulunması hedeflenmiştir. Yaz dönemi kanser risk değerlerinin iç ortam oturma odası, mutfak ve dış ortam örneklerinde 0,11; 0,10 ve 0,06 ng/m3 arasında değiştiği gözlenirken sonbahar döneminde bu değerler 0,11; 0,16 ve 0,13 ng/m3 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu değerler hem uluslararası standart değer olan 10 ng/m3'ün hem de WHO'nun belirlediği (1 ng/m3, WHO 1987) standart değerin altında kalmaktadır. Yaz dönemi oturma odası ve mutfak örneklerinde çocukların kanser potansiyellerinin yetişkinlere göre iki kat daha fazla olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Sonbahar dönemi oturma odası örneklerinde çocuklar için kanser potansiyeli 0,10 iken yetişkinler için bu değer 0,05 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonbahar döneminde çoçukların kanser olma potansiyelleri yetişkinlerden yaklaşık 2,5 kat daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu oran sonbahar dönemi mutfaklarında hesaplanan kanser risk potansiyelleri ile paralellik göstermektedir. Yapılan çalışmada tanı oranlarının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Hesaplanan tanı oranlarına göre yaz ve sonbahar dönemleri için PAH kirletici kaynağının yanma kökenli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
In this study, PAH concentrations were determined in the air samples taken from twelve different homes in Bursa. Samples were collected to emphasize the seasonal variation during July 2014- September 2014. Air samples were collected with passive sampler. For summer season, in average Σ8PAH concentrations were identified for living room 20±17, for kitchen 22±28, for outside 10±6 ng/m3. For autumn season, in average Σ9PAH concentrations were identified for living room 27±19, for kitchen 21±10, for outside 20±11ng/m3. In summer season the samples, which were taken from living room, were the highest PAH concentration 60.59 ng/m3.The samples take place in Yenibağlar District. In smoking house samples PAH concantration was higher than the other samples in all season. Also in autumn, PAH concentration was high in the sampling of stove used home. The lowest PAH concentration was measured as 9.61 ng/m3 in sampling point which takes place in Karaman District. In autumn the highest PAH concentration which was took from living room, was measured as 59.87 ng/m3 in sampling point in Dereköy. The lowest PAH concentration was measured as 6.81 ng/m3 in sampling point which takes place in Altınşehir. In Altınşehir neighborhoos samplers, it began to be used in air purifiers by home owners in autumn. After this period, PAH concentrations decreased. In summer season the highest PAH concentration, was measured as 106.78 ng/m3 of which samples were taken from kitchens, was the sampling point in Dereköy. The lowest PAH concentration was measured as 0.31 ng/m3 which was the sampling point in Karaman District. In autumn season, PAH concentration was measured as 36.72 ng/m3 which of samples were taken from the kitchens, was the sampling point in Dereköy. The lowest PAH concentration was the sampling point which located in Çamlıca District and it was measured as 17.21 ng/m3. In outdoor samples, Σ10PAH concentrations were 20,39±11,29 ng/m3 for autumn season, ∑9PAH concentrations were 10,19±6,13 ng/m3 for summer season. In autumn it is observed that when the regions using stove to heat and other regions are compared, PAH concentration values is higher. This PAH concentrations is the similar for indoor and outdoor samplers. In this samples, high volatility and low molecular weight with the type of PAH (Phe, Ant, Flt and Pry) concantration is more higher than the others. Each sampling point bond equivalent concentration of PAH compounds values (ng / m3) is calculated to have been targeted to cancer risk. While summer terms cancer risk rates indoor livingroom, kitchen and outdoor examples is changing betwen 0,11, 0,10 and 0,06 ng/m3, in autumn term values are fund as 0,11, 0,16 and 0,13 ng/m3. These rates are under the standart rates in terms of both international standart rate 10 ng/m3, and standart rate identified bye WHO (1 ng/m3, WHO 1987). Cancer risk ratios for children and adults have been determined by calculating respiratory exposure dose. When compared with indoor models, the risk of cancer being calculated for the kitchen was higher in both children and adults than in the living room. In summer season cancer risk ratios for children and adults have been determined by calculating respiratory twice as much. In autumn season cancer risk rations for children was measured as 0,10 and for adults 0,05 which of samples were taken from livingroom. In autumn season cancer risk ratios for children and adults have been determined by calculating respiratory twoand half times more. This cancer risk ration is the similar for kitchen. In this study, diagnostic rates determination is aimIn summer and autum term, diagnstic rates said that pollutant source belongs to burning origin.
In this study, PAH concentrations were determined in the air samples taken from twelve different homes in Bursa. Samples were collected to emphasize the seasonal variation during July 2014- September 2014. Air samples were collected with passive sampler. For summer season, in average Σ8PAH concentrations were identified for living room 20±17, for kitchen 22±28, for outside 10±6 ng/m3. For autumn season, in average Σ9PAH concentrations were identified for living room 27±19, for kitchen 21±10, for outside 20±11ng/m3. In summer season the samples, which were taken from living room, were the highest PAH concentration 60.59 ng/m3.The samples take place in Yenibağlar District. In smoking house samples PAH concantration was higher than the other samples in all season. Also in autumn, PAH concentration was high in the sampling of stove used home. The lowest PAH concentration was measured as 9.61 ng/m3 in sampling point which takes place in Karaman District. In autumn the highest PAH concentration which was took from living room, was measured as 59.87 ng/m3 in sampling point in Dereköy. The lowest PAH concentration was measured as 6.81 ng/m3 in sampling point which takes place in Altınşehir. In Altınşehir neighborhoos samplers, it began to be used in air purifiers by home owners in autumn. After this period, PAH concentrations decreased. In summer season the highest PAH concentration, was measured as 106.78 ng/m3 of which samples were taken from kitchens, was the sampling point in Dereköy. The lowest PAH concentration was measured as 0.31 ng/m3 which was the sampling point in Karaman District. In autumn season, PAH concentration was measured as 36.72 ng/m3 which of samples were taken from the kitchens, was the sampling point in Dereköy. The lowest PAH concentration was the sampling point which located in Çamlıca District and it was measured as 17.21 ng/m3. In outdoor samples, Σ10PAH concentrations were 20,39±11,29 ng/m3 for autumn season, ∑9PAH concentrations were 10,19±6,13 ng/m3 for summer season. In autumn it is observed that when the regions using stove to heat and other regions are compared, PAH concentration values is higher. This PAH concentrations is the similar for indoor and outdoor samplers. In this samples, high volatility and low molecular weight with the type of PAH (Phe, Ant, Flt and Pry) concantration is more higher than the others. Each sampling point bond equivalent concentration of PAH compounds values (ng / m3) is calculated to have been targeted to cancer risk. While summer terms cancer risk rates indoor livingroom, kitchen and outdoor examples is changing betwen 0,11, 0,10 and 0,06 ng/m3, in autumn term values are fund as 0,11, 0,16 and 0,13 ng/m3. These rates are under the standart rates in terms of both international standart rate 10 ng/m3, and standart rate identified bye WHO (1 ng/m3, WHO 1987). Cancer risk ratios for children and adults have been determined by calculating respiratory exposure dose. When compared with indoor models, the risk of cancer being calculated for the kitchen was higher in both children and adults than in the living room. In summer season cancer risk ratios for children and adults have been determined by calculating respiratory twice as much. In autumn season cancer risk rations for children was measured as 0,10 and for adults 0,05 which of samples were taken from livingroom. In autumn season cancer risk ratios for children and adults have been determined by calculating respiratory twoand half times more. This cancer risk ration is the similar for kitchen. In this study, diagnostic rates determination is aimIn summer and autum term, diagnstic rates said that pollutant source belongs to burning origin.
Description
Keywords
Çevre mühendisliği, Environmental engineering, Poli aromatik hidrokarbon, Polyaromatic hydrocarbon
Citation
Kayıkçı, G. (2017). Bursa'da iç ve dış mekan hava örneklerinde poliaromatik hidrokarbonların (PAHs) incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.