1929 ekonomik bunalım sonrası Türkiye'deki siyasal ve iktisadi düzenlemeler
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Date
2010
Authors
Demirtaş, Cüneyt
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
1929 yılında ABD'de başlayıp bütün Dünyaya yayılan ekonomik kriz, 10 yıl süren bir toplumsal ve siyasal krizin de sebebi olmuştur. Sonrasında Avrupa'da yeşeren aşırı milliyetçi akımlar aynı dünyayı 4 yıl süren bir dünya savaşının kucağına atmıştır.Balkan Savaşlarıyla başlayan ve Kurtuluş Savaşı ile sona eren yoğun savaş döneminden sonra kurulan genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti varını yoğunu bu savaşta harcamıştı. Oysa önünde ise kazanılması gereken bir iktisadi savaş ve bu savaş ile birlikte yürümesi gereken toplumsal ve siyasal devrimler vardı. Bu mücadele, 1911'den 1922'ye kadar dört harp geçiren, yanan, yıkılan, milyonlarca evlâdını kaybeden, üstelik bütün gelir kaynakları sıfıra inen bir ülkenin ekonomik durumu ile yapılacaktı.Krizin yanı sıra Osmanlıdan kalan dış borçlar ve 1929 yılına kadar devam eden 1 Eylül 1916 tarihli gümrük tarifesi de Yeni Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin önündeki önemli ekonomik engellerdi.Ülkede, eğitim seviyesi yüzden onun altındaydı. Genç nüfus birbiri ardına gelen savaşlarda eriyip gitmişti. Ulaşım ağı olarak bir miktar demiryolundan başka bir şey yoktu. Sanayi, azınlıkların ve yabancıların kontrolü altında idi.Böyle bir dönemin başında genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti bu küresel ekonomik kriz ile tanıştı. Atatürk 1929 yılına kadar olan dönem içerisinde siyasal ve toplumsal devrimlere öncelik verdi ve ekonomik kalkınma için özel sektörü teşvik edici kararlar aldı. Fakat sanayinin gelişmişlik düzeyinin düşük ve sermaye birikiminin az olması bu konuda istenen başarıyı getirmedi.1929 sonrası yaşanan ekonomik sıkıntılara Türk paranın değer kaybetmesi ve dış ticaretinin açık vermesi de eklenince devletin ekonomiye müdahalesi gecikmedi. Bu dönem ve sonrası Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümetlerinin devletçilik ilkesini yoğun olarak uyguladığı bir dönem oldu.Bu dönem içerisinde başta Merkez Bankası olmak üzere pek çok banka açılarak yatırımların yapılması için gerekli olan sermayenin teminine çalışıldı. Çıkarılan Türk Parasını Koruma Kanunu ve ithalat/ihracatta alınan vergilerin yeniden düzenlenmesi Türk Parasının diğer ülke paraları karşısında değer kaybetmesi ve dış ticaret açığının oluşması engellendi.Tarımın gelişmesine katkı sağlamak maksadıyla aşar vergisinin kaldırılmasının yanı sıra köylünün modern üretim yapması için tedbirler alındı ve ürettiklerini değerlendirici pek çok fabrika ülkenin çeşitli yerlerine açıldı.Ağır sanayiyi tesis edici çalışmalar kapsamında madenler çıkarılmaya başlandı ve bunların işleneceği tesisler kuruldu.Ulaşım alanında, özellikle demiryollarının ülkenin her tarafına ulaşması için seferberlik ilan edildi. Karayolları ve limanların da aktif hale getirilmesi önemli çalışmalar yapıldı.Bu dönem içerisinde ekonomik alanda yapılan bunca yenilik toplumsal ,kültür ve siyasi yeniliklerle de desteklenmiş ve Türk insanın her açıdan çağdaş medeniyetler seviyesine ulaşması hedef alınmıştır.Bu maksatla öncelikle eğitime verilmiş bu maksatla; eğitim kurumları tek çatı altında toplanarak eğitim dini kesimlerin ve yabancı devletlerin egemenliğinden kurtarılmıştır.Yeni Türk harflerin kabulü ile okuma yazma kolaylaştırılmış ve ülke çapında okuma yazma seferberliği başlatılmıştır. Halk evleri ve köy enstitüleri kurularak eğitim ve kültürün ülkenin en ücra noktasına kadar ulaştırılması hedeflenmiştir.Batı standartlarında eğitim yapan üniversiteler açılmış pek çok genç eğitim maksadıyla yurt dışına gönderilmiştir.Kadın hakları, Kılık kıyafet, şapka, takvim, saat ve ölçü birimleri, hafta sonu tatilleri, güzel sanatlar vb. pek çok alanda batı medeniyetlerinin standartlarının yakalanması için kanunlar çıkarılmıştır.
The Great Depression that started in U.S. in 1929 and spread all over the world also caused a social and political crisis lasted 10 years. Afterwards, ultra-nationalist movements arose in Europe led the world to a world war lasted 4 years.The young Turkish Republic founded after a dense war period that began with Balkan War and ended in The Independence War had lost all its economical power. Wheras, for the young Turkish Republic there was an economical war that must be won and some social and political revolutions to be conducted together with the war. This struggle was to be conducted under the economical situation of a nation destructed and lost her millions of citizens after 4 wars between 1911 and 1922.In addition to the economical crisis, the foreign depts inherited from Ottoman Empire and the tariff dated September 1, 1916 and lasted until 1929 were the other economical drawbacks of young Turkish Republic.Education level in the nation was less than 10 percent. The wars occurred one after another had decreased the young population sharply. There had not been any transportation network other than a few railway lines. The industry was under control of foreigners and minorities.The young Turkish Republic had faced with this global economical crisis in the early years of a period.like this. Atatürk gave priority to political and social revolutions until the year 1929 and made some decisions to encourage the private sector for economical development. But desirable success had not been gained due to the inadequacy in capital stock and low level of industrialization.The government intervened the economy immediately when the currency lost value and the gap between import and export expanded. Beginning this period etatism in the economy had been adopted and applied for a long time by the Governments of Turkish Republic.In order to provide the businessmen with capital to make investments, Central Bank and many commecial banks had been established during this period. The Law of Protecting Turkish Currency was enacted to prevent Turkish currency from losing value and some regulations were made to overcome the deficit in foreign trade.In order to contribute to development of agriculture the tithe was taken off in addition to measures taken to encourage the villagers to conduct modernized agricultural activities and new factories were established for processing the agricultural products.Within the context of studies conducted to establish heavy industry, mines were extracted from the ground and the mining facilities were established to process those mines.In the field of transportation, a general mobilization was declared to reach every part of the nation via railway lines In addition to this, some important studies were conducted to activate the highways and the ports.During this period, many innovations were made in economy and those were supported with other innovations in other fields like social, cultural, political etc. The aim was to reach Turkish people to the level of contemporary civilizations.For this reason, education was given particular importance and firstly education institutions were combined in order to prevent them from being under control of religious sector and foreigners.With the adoption of new Turkish alphabet literacy was made easier and a nation wide literacy campaign had been started. Institutions for public education and village institutes had been established to struggle with illiteracy in all parts of the nation.New universities had been established to train the university students in the standards of western countries and many students had been sent abroad for training purposes.In many fields like women?s rights, dress, hat, calender, time and measurement units, weekend vacations, fine arts etc. some laws were enacted in order to catch up on the standards of the Western Civilizations.
The Great Depression that started in U.S. in 1929 and spread all over the world also caused a social and political crisis lasted 10 years. Afterwards, ultra-nationalist movements arose in Europe led the world to a world war lasted 4 years.The young Turkish Republic founded after a dense war period that began with Balkan War and ended in The Independence War had lost all its economical power. Wheras, for the young Turkish Republic there was an economical war that must be won and some social and political revolutions to be conducted together with the war. This struggle was to be conducted under the economical situation of a nation destructed and lost her millions of citizens after 4 wars between 1911 and 1922.In addition to the economical crisis, the foreign depts inherited from Ottoman Empire and the tariff dated September 1, 1916 and lasted until 1929 were the other economical drawbacks of young Turkish Republic.Education level in the nation was less than 10 percent. The wars occurred one after another had decreased the young population sharply. There had not been any transportation network other than a few railway lines. The industry was under control of foreigners and minorities.The young Turkish Republic had faced with this global economical crisis in the early years of a period.like this. Atatürk gave priority to political and social revolutions until the year 1929 and made some decisions to encourage the private sector for economical development. But desirable success had not been gained due to the inadequacy in capital stock and low level of industrialization.The government intervened the economy immediately when the currency lost value and the gap between import and export expanded. Beginning this period etatism in the economy had been adopted and applied for a long time by the Governments of Turkish Republic.In order to provide the businessmen with capital to make investments, Central Bank and many commecial banks had been established during this period. The Law of Protecting Turkish Currency was enacted to prevent Turkish currency from losing value and some regulations were made to overcome the deficit in foreign trade.In order to contribute to development of agriculture the tithe was taken off in addition to measures taken to encourage the villagers to conduct modernized agricultural activities and new factories were established for processing the agricultural products.Within the context of studies conducted to establish heavy industry, mines were extracted from the ground and the mining facilities were established to process those mines.In the field of transportation, a general mobilization was declared to reach every part of the nation via railway lines In addition to this, some important studies were conducted to activate the highways and the ports.During this period, many innovations were made in economy and those were supported with other innovations in other fields like social, cultural, political etc. The aim was to reach Turkish people to the level of contemporary civilizations.For this reason, education was given particular importance and firstly education institutions were combined in order to prevent them from being under control of religious sector and foreigners.With the adoption of new Turkish alphabet literacy was made easier and a nation wide literacy campaign had been started. Institutions for public education and village institutes had been established to struggle with illiteracy in all parts of the nation.New universities had been established to train the university students in the standards of western countries and many students had been sent abroad for training purposes.In many fields like women?s rights, dress, hat, calender, time and measurement units, weekend vacations, fine arts etc. some laws were enacted in order to catch up on the standards of the Western Civilizations.
Description
Keywords
Ekonomik buhran, Atatürk inkılapları, Siyasi devrimler, Toplumsal devrimler, İktisadi devrim, Devletçilik, The Great depression, Ataturk revolutions, Political revolutions, Social revolutions, Economical revolution, Etatism
Citation
Demirtaş, C. (2010). 1929 ekonomik bunalım sonrası Türkiye'deki siyasal ve iktisadi düzenlemeler. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.