Atmosferik poliklorlu bifenillerin ıslak ve kuru çökelme miktarlarının belirlenmesi
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Date
2010
Authors
Kandemir, Manolya
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, çok klorlu bifenillerin (PCB) Bursa atmosferindeki konsantrasyonları, gaz ve partikül faz ıslak ve kuru çökelme akıları belirlenmiştir. Akı ve konsantrasyon örnekleri, Haziran 2008 ile Temmuz 2009 tarihleri arasında farklı bölgesel özelliklere sahip dört örnekleme noktasından toplanmıştır. Su yüzeyi örnekleyicisi (SYÖ) ile kuru çökelme örnekleri ve modifiye edilmiş ıslak-kuru çökelme örnekleyicisi (IKÇÖ) ile hem kuru hem de ıslak çökelme örnekleri toplanmıştır. Örneklerde 82 PCB türü araştırılmış olup BUTAL, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Mudanya ve Yavuz Selim örnekleme bölgeleri için SYÖ ile belirlenen ?PCB kuru çökelme akıları (partikül faz) sırasıyla 280±360 ng/m2gün, 450±385 ng/m2gün, 125±160 ng/m2gün ve 141±142 ng/m2gün, hava-su geçiş akısı ise 410±390 ng/m2gün, 535±370 ng/m2gün, 120±90 ng/m2gün ve 245±380 ng/m2gün seviyelerindedir. SYÖ ile sadece havadan suya geçiş akısı belirlenebilmekte olup elde edilen akı değerleri maksimum akı değerlerini vermektedir. IKÇÖ ile belirlenen kuru çökelme akı değerleri ise doğada gerçekleşen net akı değerlerini vermekte olup partikül faz kuru çökelme akı değerleri BUTAL, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Mudanya ve Yavuz Selim örnekleme bölgeleri için sırasıyla 18±10 ng/m2gün, 32±21 ng/m2gün, 21±20 ng/m2gün ve 5,5±2,5 ng/m2gün seviyelerinde bulunmuştur. Örnekleyicilerin faklı toplama mekanizmalarına sahip olmaları farklı PCB türlerinin toplanmasına ve dolayısıyla farklı akı değerlerinin elde edilmesin neden olmuştur. IKÇÖ ile belirlenen ıslak çökelme akıları BUTAL, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Mudanya ve Yavuz Selim örnekleme bölgeleri için sırasıyla çözünmüş fazda 480±1.185 ng/m2gün, 141±132 ng/m2gün, 145±130 ng/m2gün ve 410±645 ng/m2gün ve partikül fazda 475±1.000 ng/m2gün, 136±160 ng/m2gün, 195±270 ng/m2gün ve 390±910 ng/m2gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu değerleri literatürdeki değerlerden yüksek olmakla birlikte aradaki fark bu çalışmada ıslak çökelme akıları hesaplanırken net yağış sürelerinin kullanılmasından ileri gelmektedir. Literatürdeki çalışmalarda olduğu gibi toplam örnekleme sürelerinin kullanılması durumunda literatür ile benzer değerlerin elde edildiği belirlenmiştir. Bu benzerlik ile bu çalışma net yağış sürelerinin hesaplanarak ıslak çökelme akı değerlerinin belirlendiği ilk çalışma olmuştur.
In this study, concentrations, wet and dry deposition fluxes of polychlorinated pipehnyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of Bursa were determined. Samples of fluxes and concentrations have been collected between June 2008 and July 2009 from four sampling points with different regional characteristics. Dry deposition samples were collected with water surface sampler (WSS) while dry and wet deposition samples were collected with a modified wet-dry deposition sampler (WDDS). In samples 82 PCB congeners were investigated and for BUTAL, Uludag University, Mudanya and Yavuz Selim sampling areas ΣPCB dry deposition fluxes (particulate phase) measured by WSS were determined as, respectively, 280 ± 360 ng/m2 -day, 450 ± 385 ng/m2 -day, 125 ± 160 ng/m2 -day and 141 ± 142 ng/m2 -day, and the air-water fluxes (dissolved phase) were 410 ± 390 ng/m2 -day, 535 ± 370 ng/m2 -day, 120 ± 90 ng/m2 -day and 245 ± 380 ng/m2 -day. But, WDDS expresses the net deposition flux values occured in nature, and the particle phase dry deposition flux values at BUTAL, Uludag University, Mudanya and Yavuz Selim sampling regions, were found as, respectively 18 ± 10 ng/m2 -day, 21 ± 205 ng/m2 -day, 32 ± 21 ng/m2 -day and 5.5 ± 2.5 ng/m2 -day. With WSS only transition from air to water can be determined and the fluxes obtained are given the maximum flux values. Samplers have different collection mechanisms so different types of PCBs were collected and thus it caused to obtain different flux values. Wet deposition fluxes determined by WDDS for BUTAL, Uludag University Mudanya, and Yavuz Selim sampling regions at dissolved phase were, respectively, 480 ± 1,185 ng/m2 -day, 141 ± 132 ng/m2 -day, 145 ± 130 ng/m2 -day and 410 ± 645 ng/m2 -day and at particle phase 475 ± 1,000 ng/m2 -day, 136 ± 160 ng/m2 -day, 195 ± 270 ng/m2 -day and 390 ± 910 ng/m2 -day. Although these values are higher than the values in the literature, the difference among the wet deposition fluxes is due to the use of net rainfall periods while calculating. As in the literature studies if the total sampling times were used in the case of net rainfall periods, it was determined the literature values were similar with obtained in this study. With this similarity, this study, calculated the net rainfall for the wet deposition, was one of the first studies in which net rainfall periods were used to determine the flux value.
In this study, concentrations, wet and dry deposition fluxes of polychlorinated pipehnyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of Bursa were determined. Samples of fluxes and concentrations have been collected between June 2008 and July 2009 from four sampling points with different regional characteristics. Dry deposition samples were collected with water surface sampler (WSS) while dry and wet deposition samples were collected with a modified wet-dry deposition sampler (WDDS). In samples 82 PCB congeners were investigated and for BUTAL, Uludag University, Mudanya and Yavuz Selim sampling areas ΣPCB dry deposition fluxes (particulate phase) measured by WSS were determined as, respectively, 280 ± 360 ng/m2 -day, 450 ± 385 ng/m2 -day, 125 ± 160 ng/m2 -day and 141 ± 142 ng/m2 -day, and the air-water fluxes (dissolved phase) were 410 ± 390 ng/m2 -day, 535 ± 370 ng/m2 -day, 120 ± 90 ng/m2 -day and 245 ± 380 ng/m2 -day. But, WDDS expresses the net deposition flux values occured in nature, and the particle phase dry deposition flux values at BUTAL, Uludag University, Mudanya and Yavuz Selim sampling regions, were found as, respectively 18 ± 10 ng/m2 -day, 21 ± 205 ng/m2 -day, 32 ± 21 ng/m2 -day and 5.5 ± 2.5 ng/m2 -day. With WSS only transition from air to water can be determined and the fluxes obtained are given the maximum flux values. Samplers have different collection mechanisms so different types of PCBs were collected and thus it caused to obtain different flux values. Wet deposition fluxes determined by WDDS for BUTAL, Uludag University Mudanya, and Yavuz Selim sampling regions at dissolved phase were, respectively, 480 ± 1,185 ng/m2 -day, 141 ± 132 ng/m2 -day, 145 ± 130 ng/m2 -day and 410 ± 645 ng/m2 -day and at particle phase 475 ± 1,000 ng/m2 -day, 136 ± 160 ng/m2 -day, 195 ± 270 ng/m2 -day and 390 ± 910 ng/m2 -day. Although these values are higher than the values in the literature, the difference among the wet deposition fluxes is due to the use of net rainfall periods while calculating. As in the literature studies if the total sampling times were used in the case of net rainfall periods, it was determined the literature values were similar with obtained in this study. With this similarity, this study, calculated the net rainfall for the wet deposition, was one of the first studies in which net rainfall periods were used to determine the flux value.
Description
Keywords
Poliklorlu bifenilller (PCB’ler), Islak ve kuru çökelme akıları, Islak-kuru çökelme örnekleyicisi (IKÇÖ), Bursa, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Wet and dry deposition fluxes, Wet-dry deposition sampler (WDDS)
Citation
Kandemir, M. (2010). Atmosferik poliklorlu bifenillerin ıslak ve kuru çökelme miktarlarının belirlenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.