Descartes ve öncesinde özne ve öznellik kavramları üzerine bir inceleme
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Date
2010-07-21
Authors
Budak, Buryak
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bilginin "öznel" yanına felsefe tarihinde ilk kez M.Ö. 5. yüzyılda Demokritos dikkat çekerken, bundan etkilenen Sofistler, yine aynı dönemde, bilgi/bilme bağlamındaki "özne-nesne ayrımı"nın öncüleri olurlar. Bu ayrımları çerçevesinde geliştirdikleri bilgi görüşleriyle Sofistler, insanın bilginin öznesi olduğunun felsefece belirleniminin -yani "özne felsefesi"nin- başlatıcısı konumundadırlar. Daha sonra Aristoteles, bilen özneye ilişkin ilk sistematik görüşleri ortaya atar. Öte yandan Ortaçağ filozofları, Tanrının bilgisine sahip olması temelinde bilebilen bir özne olarak insan anlayışını benimserler. 17. yüzyıla gelindiğindiyse modern felsefenin ilk filozofu olan Descartes, "Düşünüyorum, o halde varım." fikri, yani cogito deneyimi kapsamında kendi varlığının bilincinde olan öznesi ile kendisinden sonra da yolculuğuna devam eden özne felsefesine yepyeni ve önemli bir soluk getirir. Kabaca öznenin özbilinçlilik durumu olarak görülen "öznellik" kavramını doğurmuş bu özne yaklaşımı, daha önce çeşitli düşünürlerce irdelenmiş olan ruh-beden ilişkisini "zihin-beden sorunu"na dönüştürür. O halde, özne felsefesinin tarihsel sürecinde özne kavramının Descartes'tan önce de izleri sürülebilirken, sonrasında onun -öznellik kavramının da yolunu açan- yenilikçi rolü açığa çıkmaktadır.
As Democritus draws attention to “subjective” side of knowledge in the 5th century BC for the first time in history of philosophy, in the same period Sophists, under this effect, become pioneers of “subjectobject distinction” in context of knowledge/knowing. By their account of knowledge developed in the framework of this distinction Sophists are beginners of philosophically determining man as subject of knowledge, namely of “philosophy of subject”. Then Aristotle introduces first systematic views about “the knowing subject”. On the other hand, medieval philosophers adopt thought of man being subject who, on the basis of knowledge of God, can know. In the 17th century, Descartes, the first philosopher of the modern era, brings a new and significant breath into the philosophy of subject, going on also after him, by his idea of “I think, therefore I am,” namely cogito experience within which subject is aware of his/her own existence. This concept of subject gives rise to concept of “subjectivity” which is roughly viewed as self‐consciousness of subject. Furthermore, it turns traditional soul‐body relation into “mindbody problem.” Therefore, while the concept of subject can be detected in historical process also before Descartes, his innovative role, because of the concept of subjectivity which is implied only by his modern subject, comes to light.
As Democritus draws attention to “subjective” side of knowledge in the 5th century BC for the first time in history of philosophy, in the same period Sophists, under this effect, become pioneers of “subjectobject distinction” in context of knowledge/knowing. By their account of knowledge developed in the framework of this distinction Sophists are beginners of philosophically determining man as subject of knowledge, namely of “philosophy of subject”. Then Aristotle introduces first systematic views about “the knowing subject”. On the other hand, medieval philosophers adopt thought of man being subject who, on the basis of knowledge of God, can know. In the 17th century, Descartes, the first philosopher of the modern era, brings a new and significant breath into the philosophy of subject, going on also after him, by his idea of “I think, therefore I am,” namely cogito experience within which subject is aware of his/her own existence. This concept of subject gives rise to concept of “subjectivity” which is roughly viewed as self‐consciousness of subject. Furthermore, it turns traditional soul‐body relation into “mindbody problem.” Therefore, while the concept of subject can be detected in historical process also before Descartes, his innovative role, because of the concept of subjectivity which is implied only by his modern subject, comes to light.
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Keywords
Özne, Öznel, Özne‐nesne ayrımı, Öznellik, Özne felsefesi, Modern felsefe, Descartes, Cogito, Ruh/zihin‐beden problemi, Subject, Subjective, Subject‐object distinction, Subjectivity, Philosophy of subject, Modern philosophy, Soul/mind‐body problem
Citation
Budak, B. (2010). Descartes ve öncesinde özne ve öznellik kavramları üzerine bir inceleme. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.