Apollonia ad rhyndacum nekropolü kerpiç mezarları
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Date
2019-12-27
Authors
Ercan, Osman
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Tez çalışmasında, Apollonia ad Rhyndacum antik kentinin nekropol alanında yürütülen kurtarma kazılarıyla açığa çıkarılan mezarlar içerisinden, yapı malzemesi olarak kerpiç kullanılan 16 örnek konu alınmıştır. Gün ışığına çıkarılan kerpiç mezarların Batı Anadolu ve Marmara Bölgesi’nde bilinmemesi oldukça dikkat çekicidir. Ayrıca bu tür mezarlara ilişkin yapım teknikleri, tipoloji ve köken araştırmasını konu alan bir çalışmanın yapılmaması bizi bu alana yöneltmiştir. Öncelikle mezarların kazı raporları ve yerinde incelenmesiyle teknik analizleri yapılmış, sonrasında gerekli olan harita, çizim ve görsel içeriği oluşturulmuştur. Kütüphane ve online veri tabanlarında, karşılaştığımız farklı mezar formlarına ve üst örtü biçimlerine yönelik literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucu elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda, benzer örnekler ile birlikte değerlendirilmesiyle mezar tipolojisi belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca köken araştırması yapılarak yayılım alanlarının saptanması sağlanmış, mezarlardaki kerpiç kullanım alanları, hammadde temini, yapısal özellikleri ve yapım teknikleri belirlenmiştir. Son olarak ayrı ayrı ele aldığımız mezar formları ve üst örtü biçimleri incelenerek, tespit edilen yeni mezar tiplerine yönelik isimlendirme önerisinde bulunulmuştur. Mezar yapılarını ve üst örtülerini ayrı ayrı değerlendirdiğimizde, mezarlar üzerinde etkili olan belirgin formlar, “Kerpiç Sanduka, Kerpiç Çatkı/ Kiremit Çatma, Cappuccina” mezar olarak belirlenmiştir. “Kerpiç Sanduka” mezarların çıkış noktası Güney Doğu Anadolu olmak üzere Karkamış, Korucutepe, Hanaytepe, Girnevaz, Alişar, Tepecik ve Oylum Höyük’te açığa çıkarılan örneklerle birlikte Geç Kalkolitik Dönem ve sonrasında Anadolu coğrafyasına yayıldığı bilinmektedir. Sonraki süreçte Erken Tunç Çağı’ndan başayarak Kuzey Suriye’de yer alan Tel Ahmar, Hamam et-Turkman, Orta ve Geç Tunç Çağı’nda ise Mısır’da bulunan Tell el-Retaba ve Tell el-Dab’a gibi yerleşmelerde görülmektedir. Mezarlar üzerinde etkili olan diğer belirgin formun kökeni İtalya olarak saptanmıştır. “Cappuccina” olarak adlandırılan mezarların en yaygın dönemi Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi olsa da Avrupa'daki erken örnekleri MÖ 6.-7. yüzyıla kadar gitmektedir. Basit toprak mezar niteliği taşımaları, özellikle bu tür mezarların fakir sosyal sınıflar tarafından kullanıldığına işaret etmektedir. Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde giderek yaygınlaşan Cappuccina mezarların, İtalya üzerinden Anadolu coğrafyası dâhil olmak üzere birçok Roma eyaletine yayıldığı ve bölge halkları tarafından özümsenerek kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Anadolu’da Klasik Dönem sonrası giderek yaygınlaşan mezar formu genellikle kullanılan malzemeye göre “Kiremit Çatma, Kiremit Çatkı, Plaka Çatkı, Kerpiç Çatkı” olarak bilinmektedir. Açığa çıkardığımız birçok örneğin “Kompozit Mezar” kimliği taşıması farklı ölü gömme geleneklerine ait mezar tiplerinin, taşındığı bölgedeki diğer yaygın mezar formlarıyla birlikte yorumlanarak yeni ve farklı bir anlayışla uygulanabildiğini açıkça göstermektedir. Ayrıca çıkış noktasını ve yayılım alanlarını henüz tespit edemediğimiz bir başka üst örtü biçimi tespit edilmiştir. Bu anlayışa göre sanduka içerisindeki kremasyon bölümü beşik çatı biçiminde değil, doğrudan karşı uzun kenar üzerine uzatılan kerpiç plakalarla mertek çatı biçiminde kapatılmaktadır. Bu sayede mezar zemini ile üst örtüsü arasında üçgen şeklinde bir alan oluşturulmuştur. Form ve kullanılan malzeme göz önünde bulundurularak üst örtü tipi “kerpiç plakalı mertek” mezar olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Apollonia Nekropolü’nde kerpiç endüstrisine dayalı altı farklı tipte mezar tespit edilmiş; yapım teknikleri, formları ve üst örtü biçimlerine göre isimlendirme önerileri belirlenmiştir. Mezarlarda isimlendirme, önce tip, sonra üzerinin kapatılma şekli göz önünde bulundurularak yapılmıştır. Açığa çıkarılan mezarlar içerisinde, yalnızca kerpiç malzeme kullanılarak hazırlanan mezarlarda birincil kremasyon uygulanmış ve kronolojik olarak ele alındığında genellikle MÖ 1.-MS 1. yüzyıl aralığında gömü yapıldığı anlaşılmıştır. Basit toprak mezarlarda üst örtü kerpiç malzeme ile beşik çatı biçiminde oluşturulmaktadır. Sanduka mezarlarda ise beşik çatı, mertek çatı, taş kapak veya iki formun birlikte kullanıldığı örnekler karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yapı malzemesi olarak kerpiç kullanılan örnekleri incelediğimizde kullanım alanlarına ve işlevlerine göre yapım tekniklerinin ve uygulama biçimlerinin değiştiği gözlenmiştir. Mezar yapılarında, üst örtü sistemlerinde ve çevre düzenlemesinde kullanılan kil harç ve kerpiç malzemenin temin ve biçimlendirme yöntemlerinin tespit edilmesine yönelik çalışma yapılmıştır. Bölgede yaptığımız tarama sonucu biri nekropol sınırları içerisinde, diğeri ise Uluabat gölünün kuzeydoğu kıyısında olmak üzere yoğun miktarda rezerve sahip iki kil yatağı saptanmıştır. Kerpiç endüstrisi incelendiğinde kullanılması muhtemel 4 teknik tespit edilmiştir. Kerpiç yapım yöntemleri başlığı altında değerlendirilen yöntemler, pisse tekniği, dövme tekniği, yığma tekniği ve blok tekniği olarak belirlenmiştir. Hazırlanım aşamalarında ise genellikle katkı maddesi olarak kil, su, saman, kum, çakıl, ot, dal gibi malzemeler kullanılmıştır. Son olarak açığa çıkardığımız mezarlar üzerinden, nekropol alanı kerpiç kullanımı bölümünde kerpiç malzemenin uygulama alanları tespit edilmiştir.
In this thesis, 16 examples of graves where mudbrick were used as building materials were examined among the graves uncovered by rescue excavations carried out in the necropolis area of the ancient city of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum. It is remarkable that the mudbrick graves unearthed in the light of day are not known in Western Anatolia and Marmara Region. In addition, the lack of a study on the construction techniques, typology, and origin research on such graves directed us to this area. First of all, the technical analysis of the tombs was carried out by means of excavation reports and onsite examination, and then the necessary maps, drawings and visual contents were created. In the library and online databases, the literature was searched for the different grave forms and coverings we encountered. In accordance with the data obtained from the research, grave typology was determined by evaluating with similar samples. In addition to this, the distribution areas were determined by using the root research, and the usage areas of mudbrick, supply of raw materials, structural properties and construction techniques were determined. Finally, by examining the grave forms and the top cover types we have discussed separately, a nomenclature was proposed for the new grave types identified. When we evaluate the grave structures and their top covers separately, the distinctive forms that affect the graves are identified as “mudbrick cist” and “Cappuccina” graves. It is known that the “mudbrick cist” graves were spread to the Late Chalcolithic Period and later in Anatolia during the Late Chalcolithic Period, with examples unearthed in Carchemish, Korucutepe, Hanaytepe, Girnevaz, Alişar, Tepecik and Oylum Höyük. Later, on Tel Ahmar in northern Syria, Hamam et-Turkman, in the Middle and Late Bronze Age in Egypt, such as Tell el-Retaba and Tell al-Dab'a settlements these tombs are seen starting from the Early Bronze Age. The origins of other prominent form on the tombs has been determined as Italy. Although the most common period of the tombs called "Cappuccina" was the Roman Imperial Period, the early examples in Europe were dated to the 6th-7th centuries BC. century. Their simple soil burial characteristics indicate that such graves are used by poor social classes. The Cappuccina tombs, which became increasingly widespread during the Roman Imperial Period, were spread to many Roman provinces, including the Anatolian geography, and were used and assimilated by the peoples of the region. Many of the examples we have uncovered bear the "composite grave” identity, which clearly demonstrates that different types of burial traditions can be interpreted together with other common grave forms in the region where they are moved and applied with a new and different understanding. In addition, another form of top cover has been identified in which we cannot determine the exit point and spreading areas. According to this understanding, the cremation section in the coffer is not covered with a barrel roof but rather as a rafter roof with mudbrick plates extending directly on the opposite long edge. Thus, a triangular area was formed between the ground floor and the top cover. Considering the form and material used, the top cover type was named as “single sided mudbrick slab roof grave”. As a result, six different types of tombs based on the mudbrick industry were identified in the Apollonia Necropolis and naming proposals were determined according to the construction techniques, forms and forms of the top cover. The nomenclature in the graves was made by considering first the type and then the way it was covered. Among the uncovered tombs, primary cremation was applied only to the graves prepared using mudbrick material, and when chronologically considered, it was found that burials were generally made in the 1st century AD. ın simple earthen graves, the top cover is formed as a cradle roof with mudbrick material. In the cist graves, there are examples of cradle roof, rafter roof, stone cover or two forms used together. When we examined the examples of mudbrick used as a building material, it was observed that the construction techniques and application methods changed according to their usage areas and functions. The study was carried out to determine the methods of supply and shaping of clay mortar and mudbrick materials used in grave structures, top cover systems and landscaping. As a result of the survey we conducted in the region, two clay beds have high reserves were found, one in the necropolis and the other on the northeastern shore of Lake Uluabat. When the mudbrick industry was examined, four possible techniques were identified. The methods evaluated under the title of mudbrick construction methods were determined as pisse technique, forging technique, masonry technique and block technique. Generally, materials such as clay, water, straw, sand, gravel, grass and twigs were used as additives. Finally, over the graves we uncovered, the application areas of the mudbrick material were determined in the mudbrick usage section of the necropolis area.
In this thesis, 16 examples of graves where mudbrick were used as building materials were examined among the graves uncovered by rescue excavations carried out in the necropolis area of the ancient city of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum. It is remarkable that the mudbrick graves unearthed in the light of day are not known in Western Anatolia and Marmara Region. In addition, the lack of a study on the construction techniques, typology, and origin research on such graves directed us to this area. First of all, the technical analysis of the tombs was carried out by means of excavation reports and onsite examination, and then the necessary maps, drawings and visual contents were created. In the library and online databases, the literature was searched for the different grave forms and coverings we encountered. In accordance with the data obtained from the research, grave typology was determined by evaluating with similar samples. In addition to this, the distribution areas were determined by using the root research, and the usage areas of mudbrick, supply of raw materials, structural properties and construction techniques were determined. Finally, by examining the grave forms and the top cover types we have discussed separately, a nomenclature was proposed for the new grave types identified. When we evaluate the grave structures and their top covers separately, the distinctive forms that affect the graves are identified as “mudbrick cist” and “Cappuccina” graves. It is known that the “mudbrick cist” graves were spread to the Late Chalcolithic Period and later in Anatolia during the Late Chalcolithic Period, with examples unearthed in Carchemish, Korucutepe, Hanaytepe, Girnevaz, Alişar, Tepecik and Oylum Höyük. Later, on Tel Ahmar in northern Syria, Hamam et-Turkman, in the Middle and Late Bronze Age in Egypt, such as Tell el-Retaba and Tell al-Dab'a settlements these tombs are seen starting from the Early Bronze Age. The origins of other prominent form on the tombs has been determined as Italy. Although the most common period of the tombs called "Cappuccina" was the Roman Imperial Period, the early examples in Europe were dated to the 6th-7th centuries BC. century. Their simple soil burial characteristics indicate that such graves are used by poor social classes. The Cappuccina tombs, which became increasingly widespread during the Roman Imperial Period, were spread to many Roman provinces, including the Anatolian geography, and were used and assimilated by the peoples of the region. Many of the examples we have uncovered bear the "composite grave” identity, which clearly demonstrates that different types of burial traditions can be interpreted together with other common grave forms in the region where they are moved and applied with a new and different understanding. In addition, another form of top cover has been identified in which we cannot determine the exit point and spreading areas. According to this understanding, the cremation section in the coffer is not covered with a barrel roof but rather as a rafter roof with mudbrick plates extending directly on the opposite long edge. Thus, a triangular area was formed between the ground floor and the top cover. Considering the form and material used, the top cover type was named as “single sided mudbrick slab roof grave”. As a result, six different types of tombs based on the mudbrick industry were identified in the Apollonia Necropolis and naming proposals were determined according to the construction techniques, forms and forms of the top cover. The nomenclature in the graves was made by considering first the type and then the way it was covered. Among the uncovered tombs, primary cremation was applied only to the graves prepared using mudbrick material, and when chronologically considered, it was found that burials were generally made in the 1st century AD. ın simple earthen graves, the top cover is formed as a cradle roof with mudbrick material. In the cist graves, there are examples of cradle roof, rafter roof, stone cover or two forms used together. When we examined the examples of mudbrick used as a building material, it was observed that the construction techniques and application methods changed according to their usage areas and functions. The study was carried out to determine the methods of supply and shaping of clay mortar and mudbrick materials used in grave structures, top cover systems and landscaping. As a result of the survey we conducted in the region, two clay beds have high reserves were found, one in the necropolis and the other on the northeastern shore of Lake Uluabat. When the mudbrick industry was examined, four possible techniques were identified. The methods evaluated under the title of mudbrick construction methods were determined as pisse technique, forging technique, masonry technique and block technique. Generally, materials such as clay, water, straw, sand, gravel, grass and twigs were used as additives. Finally, over the graves we uncovered, the application areas of the mudbrick material were determined in the mudbrick usage section of the necropolis area.
Description
Keywords
Basit toprak, Nekropol, Ölü gömme, Kremasyon, İnhumasyon mezar, Kerpiç, Sanduka, Sandık, Çatkı, Mertek, Necropolis, Grave, Tomb, Mudbrick, Cist, Cappuccina, Inhumation, Cremation
Citation
Ercan, O. (2019). Apollonia ad rhyndacum nekropolü kerpiç mezarları . Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.