Eski Roma ailesinde “pater familias” ve “patria potestas” kavramları
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Date
2014-12-01
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Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Familia en geniş anlamıyla aile demekti ve Eski Roma toplumsal yaşamının temelini oluşturuyordu. Patria potestas altındaki bütün kişiler familia içinde yer alırdı. Patria potestas, dar anlamda babaya ait olan güç, baba egemenliği; geniş anlamda ise aile reisi olan pater familias’ın ailesindeki bütün çocuklar, torunlar, aileye dahil diğer kişiler ve köleler üzerindeki hakimiyetini ifade ediyordu. Pater familias olmak için patria potestas altında olmamak ve erkek olmak yeterliydi. Pater familias; askerlik hakkı, seçme ve seçilme hakkı, evlenme hakkı gibi bir Roma vatandaşının kullanabileceği bütün haklara sahipti. Pater familias’ın aile fertleri üzerindeki hakimiyeti mutlaktı. Patria potestas’ı sona erdiren sebepler ölüm, capitis deminutio ve emancipatio idi. Ölüm halinde patria potestas kendiliğinden sona ererdi. Capitis deminutio ise aile reisi olan pater familias’ın savaşta esir düşmesi veya sürgün cezasına çarptırılması ile ortaya çıkan bir durumdu. Nitekim hür olmayan ve hakimiyet ehliyeti bulunmayan bir kişi patria potestas’a sahip olamazdı. Aile evlatlarından birinin rahip olması veya yüksek bir mertebeye ulaşması da, capitis deminutio kapsamında patria potestas’ı sona erdiren bir durumdu. Roma’da kız çocukları da dini hizmetler görebilir ve rahibe olabilirlerdi. Bir kız çocuğunun rahibe olması, patria potestas altından çıkması için yeterliydi.
The word familia meant to be a family in the broadest sense and it formed the basics of the Ancient Roman social life. Persons under the patria potestas were also seen in the familia. In the narrow sense patria potestas meant to be the power of a father or his sovereignty; and broadly it meant to be the dominance of the father over the all children, grandchildren and other family members including slaves. In order to be pater familias it was necessary to be a man who is also separated from patria potestas. Pater familias had the rights such as military service, elect and to be elected and marriage as a normal Roman citizen. The dominance of pater familias over the family members was certain. Reasons that end patria potestas were death, capitis deminutio and emancipatio. In the case of death patria potestas would end spontaneously. Capitis deminutio was the situation that the family leader pater familias was captured in a war or exiled. Thus it is impossible to have a patria potestas while being a prisoner or not having the qualification to dominate someone. If one of children in the family became a monk or a high-ordered person, this is a situation that would end patria potestas in terms of capitis deminutio. In Rome girls were also able to have religious education and become a monk. And in this case they could split from patria potestas too in the same way.
The word familia meant to be a family in the broadest sense and it formed the basics of the Ancient Roman social life. Persons under the patria potestas were also seen in the familia. In the narrow sense patria potestas meant to be the power of a father or his sovereignty; and broadly it meant to be the dominance of the father over the all children, grandchildren and other family members including slaves. In order to be pater familias it was necessary to be a man who is also separated from patria potestas. Pater familias had the rights such as military service, elect and to be elected and marriage as a normal Roman citizen. The dominance of pater familias over the family members was certain. Reasons that end patria potestas were death, capitis deminutio and emancipatio. In the case of death patria potestas would end spontaneously. Capitis deminutio was the situation that the family leader pater familias was captured in a war or exiled. Thus it is impossible to have a patria potestas while being a prisoner or not having the qualification to dominate someone. If one of children in the family became a monk or a high-ordered person, this is a situation that would end patria potestas in terms of capitis deminutio. In Rome girls were also able to have religious education and become a monk. And in this case they could split from patria potestas too in the same way.
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Keywords
Patria potestas, Familia, Manus, Pater familias, Dominium
Citation
Doğancı, K. ve Kocakuşak F. (2014). “Eski Roma ailesinde “pater familias” ve “patria potestas” kavramları”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(27), 233-250.