Zhuangzi’nın “varlığın birliği kuramı”nda eşitlik ilkesi
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Date
2020-09-15
Authors
Chiang, Gonca Ünal
Journal Title
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Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
MÖ.6.yy’da Çin düşünce tarihinde metafizik bilimini kullanarak evren ve varlığa dair sistematik fikirler ortaya koyan ilk ekol; Laozi’nın kurucusu olduğu Dao Düşünce Ekolü’dür. Ekolün Laozi’dan sonra gelen en önemli temsilcisi Zhuangzi ise daha çok insan ve varlığın özüne dair yapmış olduğu tartışmalarla ön plana çıkmaktadır. Düşüncelerini anekdotlar aracılığıyla aktaran Zhuangzi, kendi adıyla anılan “Zhuangzi” klasiğinde, “varlığın birliği” anlayışını ortaya koyan anlatılara yer vermektedir. Anlatılardan ilki; rüyasında kendini bir kelebek olarak gören Zhuang Zhou’nun içine düştüğü: “Zhuang Zhou mu rüyasında bir kelebek olmuştur, yoksa bir kelebek şu an rüyasında Zhuang Zhou olduğunu mu görmektedir?” çelişkisine dikkat çekmektedir. Zhuangzi düşüncesine göre; evrende tüm varlıklar farklı formlara sahip olmakla birlikte, tek bir düzene bağlı ve aynı varlıksal ilkelere tâbidirler. Evren ve varlığın var edicisi Dao, tüm varlıkları eşit şartlarda ve aynı öz’den meydana getirmiştir. Varlığın sahip olduğu bu eşitlik; zaman ve mekân boyutunda farklılık gösteren maddesel formların ötesindedir, bu sebeple farklılıklardan etkilenmez ve değişmez. Bu bağlamda; Zhuangzi anlatısında geçen “Zhuang Zhou ve kelebek”, zaman ve mekânda biçimsel farklara sahip olmakla birlikte, yaratılışlarının özünde birbirinden farklı düşünülemeyecek varlıklar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Zhuangzi’nın ontolojik zeminde düşünsel olarak ortaya koyduğu varlığın birliği ilkesinin temelde Çin tarihinde ilkel dönem ve yazılı uygarlık dönemi arasında geçiş olarak kabul edilen Beş Hükümdar Döneminin toplumsal ve siyasi yapısını yansıttığı görülebilmektedir. Tam bir birlik ve eşitlik ilkesi üzerine kurulmuş olan bu yapı, aynı zamanda varlığın birliği teorisinin uygulanmaya konulduğu ideal toplum örneğini oluşturmaktadır.
In the 6th century BC, the first school that introduced systematic ideas about the universe and existence by using metaphysical science in the history of Chinese thought; It is Dao School of Thought, where Laozi is the founder. The most important representative of school after Laozi, Zhuangzi, comes to the forefront with the discussions he made about the essence of being and human being. In the classic with his name "Zhuangzi", he gave part to the narrations revealing the comprehension of unity of existence. The first of the narration draws attention to the contradiction of Zhuang Zhou, who saw himself as a butterfly in his dream: Zhuang Zhou has become a butterfly in his dream, or does a butterfly see itself as Zhuang Zhou in its dream? According to the opinion of Zhuangzi all creatures in the world have different forms and are subject to a single order and same existential principles. Dao who is the creator of the universe and existence, has created all creatures on equal terms and in the same essence. This equality possessed by the creature is beyond the material forms that differ in time and space dimension, therefore, it is not affected by differences and does not change. In this context; Zhuang Zhou and butterfly in Zhuangzi's anecdote, are confronted as being inseparable creatures in the essence of their creation as well as having formal differences in time and space. It can be seen that the theory of the unity of existence which was presented by Zhuangzi intellectually ontological basis, was based on the social and political structure of the Five Kingdoms, which is accepted as a transition between primitive period and written civilization period in Chinese history. This structure, which is established on a full equality and unity principle, also constitutes an ideal society example where the theory of the unity of existence is put into practice.
In the 6th century BC, the first school that introduced systematic ideas about the universe and existence by using metaphysical science in the history of Chinese thought; It is Dao School of Thought, where Laozi is the founder. The most important representative of school after Laozi, Zhuangzi, comes to the forefront with the discussions he made about the essence of being and human being. In the classic with his name "Zhuangzi", he gave part to the narrations revealing the comprehension of unity of existence. The first of the narration draws attention to the contradiction of Zhuang Zhou, who saw himself as a butterfly in his dream: Zhuang Zhou has become a butterfly in his dream, or does a butterfly see itself as Zhuang Zhou in its dream? According to the opinion of Zhuangzi all creatures in the world have different forms and are subject to a single order and same existential principles. Dao who is the creator of the universe and existence, has created all creatures on equal terms and in the same essence. This equality possessed by the creature is beyond the material forms that differ in time and space dimension, therefore, it is not affected by differences and does not change. In this context; Zhuang Zhou and butterfly in Zhuangzi's anecdote, are confronted as being inseparable creatures in the essence of their creation as well as having formal differences in time and space. It can be seen that the theory of the unity of existence which was presented by Zhuangzi intellectually ontological basis, was based on the social and political structure of the Five Kingdoms, which is accepted as a transition between primitive period and written civilization period in Chinese history. This structure, which is established on a full equality and unity principle, also constitutes an ideal society example where the theory of the unity of existence is put into practice.
Description
Keywords
Zhuangzi, Laozi, Varlığın birliği, Eşitlik, Dao, Toplum, Unity of existence, Equality, Society
Citation
Chiang, G. Ü. (2020). "Zhuangzi’nın “varlığın birliği kuramı”nda eşitlik ilkesi". Kaygı. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 19(2), 445-463.