Tarihi yapıtları etkileyen bazı hava kirleticilerin incelenmesi
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Date
1998-08-25
Authors
Akçay, Hasan
Journal Title
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Ulu Camii, Muradiye Camii ve Türbesi ile Yeşil Camii ve Türbesinin bulunduğu bölgelerde başlıca hava kirletici parametrelerden S02, NOx ve CO derişimleri kış mevsiminde ayda bir ölçülmüştür. Bu tarihi yapıtların 1855 yılındaki restorasyonunda kullanılan yapı malzemelerinin başlıcaları mermer ve travertendir. Restorasyon çalışmalarında kullanılan orijinal yapı malzemelerinden, mermer hariç diğerlerinin İnkaya ve Görükle bölgelerindeki taş ocaklarından; mermerin ise çoğunlukla Bursa çevresindeki ocaklardan temin edildiği saptandığından; analiz örnekleri aynı ocaklardan alınmıştır. Bu örneklerin kimyasal bileşimlerini belirlemek amacıyla; Mn, Cr, Fe, Al, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni ve Ag elementlerinin analizlerinde A AS; Na, K ve Ca elementlerin analizlerinde ise AES yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Bu elementlerin derişimlerini belirleme için kullanılan AAS ve AES yöntemlerinin optimum çalışma bölgeleri belirlenmiştir. Mermer ve traverten örneklerinin makro bileşenleri olan Ca, Fe, Mg, Ba, Na ve K elementlerinin, analizi yapılan diğer elementler üzerine girişim etkileri, örneklerin çözünürleştirilmesinde kullanılan asitlerin analizi yapılan diğer elementler üzerine girişim etkileri de incelenmiştir. Ayrıca SO2, NO2, NO ve CO2 kirleticilerinin tarihi yapıtlar üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla Ulu Camii, Yeşil Camii ve Muradiye Camii'lerinin restorasyonunda kullanılan mermer ve taş örneklerinden 5x5x5 cm boyutlarında inceleme parçalan hazırlanmıştır. Bu örnekler, Almanya Siegen Üniversitesi İnşaat Kimyası İklimlendirme Laboratuvarlarındaki özel hücrelerde, sekiz ay süresince izlenmiştir. İklimlendirme hücrelerinde endüstri ortamının yüz katı derişimindeki hava kirleticilerini içeren bir ortam oluşturulmuştur. Bu ortamda başlıca hava kirleticileri 4ppm NOx, l.6ppm S02 ve % 3 CO2 olacak şekilde ayarlanmıştır; relatif nem %70-80 dir ve sıcaklık 20°C'dir. Yağmurun etkisini de incelemek için numuneler her iki haftada bir takriben 30 dakika su altında bırakılmıştır. Bu örneklerde nitrat ve sülfat derişimleri 0-1, 1-2 ve 2-4 mm yüzey derinliklerinde ölçülmüştür.
The concentrations of some air pollutants; such as S02, NOx and CO, have been measured in environments of Ulu Mosque, Muradiye Mosque and Yeşil Mosque once a month in winter 1997-1998. Marble and travertine were the main structural materials of these building. The original structure materials, except marble, have been supplied from mines located in the Görükle and İnkaya region, for the restoration in 1885. Marbles were from mines around Bursa. Samples for the chemical analyses were taken from these mines suppliers. In order to determine the chemical composition of samples; the concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Ag, Pb and Mg were determined by the AAS method, whereas for the determination of concentrations of Na+, K+ and Ca+2 cations the AES method was applied. Ca is the main component of marble and travertine samples; It has been investigated whether calcium interfere with Fe, Ni, Cd, Cr, Al, Cu, and Zn or not. The interference effect of HC1, HNO3 and aqua regia which were used to dissolve the stone, marble and travertine samples, have been determined. The analytical working range has been defined for each trace element. In addition marble and stone samples in the size of 5x5x5, which are used for the restoration of Ulu Mosque, Yeşil Mosque and Muradiye Mosque, have been prepared in order to investigate the effect of pollutions S02, N02, NO and CO2 on the historic buildings. The investigation was carried out in special cells during eight months in Siegen University, Civil Chemistry Air Conditioning Laboratory, Germany. The environment, which contains one hundered times more concentrated pollutants than industry was formed in the air conditioning cells.The concentration of pollutants in the environment prepared for investigation are 4ppm NOx, 1.6ppm S02 and 3% CO2. Relative humidity is 70-80% and temperature is 20°C. In order to investigate the effect of rain, the samples were kept in water about 30 minutes once each two weeks. Concentrations of nitrate and sulfat in these samples were measured in surface depths 0-1, 1-2 and 2-4 mm.
The concentrations of some air pollutants; such as S02, NOx and CO, have been measured in environments of Ulu Mosque, Muradiye Mosque and Yeşil Mosque once a month in winter 1997-1998. Marble and travertine were the main structural materials of these building. The original structure materials, except marble, have been supplied from mines located in the Görükle and İnkaya region, for the restoration in 1885. Marbles were from mines around Bursa. Samples for the chemical analyses were taken from these mines suppliers. In order to determine the chemical composition of samples; the concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Ag, Pb and Mg were determined by the AAS method, whereas for the determination of concentrations of Na+, K+ and Ca+2 cations the AES method was applied. Ca is the main component of marble and travertine samples; It has been investigated whether calcium interfere with Fe, Ni, Cd, Cr, Al, Cu, and Zn or not. The interference effect of HC1, HNO3 and aqua regia which were used to dissolve the stone, marble and travertine samples, have been determined. The analytical working range has been defined for each trace element. In addition marble and stone samples in the size of 5x5x5, which are used for the restoration of Ulu Mosque, Yeşil Mosque and Muradiye Mosque, have been prepared in order to investigate the effect of pollutions S02, N02, NO and CO2 on the historic buildings. The investigation was carried out in special cells during eight months in Siegen University, Civil Chemistry Air Conditioning Laboratory, Germany. The environment, which contains one hundered times more concentrated pollutants than industry was formed in the air conditioning cells.The concentration of pollutants in the environment prepared for investigation are 4ppm NOx, 1.6ppm S02 and 3% CO2. Relative humidity is 70-80% and temperature is 20°C. In order to investigate the effect of rain, the samples were kept in water about 30 minutes once each two weeks. Concentrations of nitrate and sulfat in these samples were measured in surface depths 0-1, 1-2 and 2-4 mm.
Description
Keywords
Hava kirliliği, Tarihi binalar, Weathering, Air pollution, Interferences, Historical building, AAS, AES, Ayrışma, Etkileşimler
Citation
Akçay, H. (1998). Tarihi yapıtları etkileyen bazı hava kirleticilerin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.