İslam Hukukunda istihsan ve kerâhiyet
Loading...
Files
Date
2004
Authors
Satoğlu, Fatma Betül
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Din, inanış ve davranış şekillerini düzenleyerek insanların huzur içinde hayatlarını devam etmelerini sağlayan bir kurallar bütünüdür. Din duygusundan kaynaklanan hareketlerin diğer fiillerden farkı, doğruluğuna inanarak yapılmasıdır. Bu inanç fertle birlikte var olduğu için her fiil ve her düşünce dînî bir anlam ve değer taşır. Hareketlerine değer yüklenmesi insanı diğer canlılardan ayıran özelliktir. Hareketlerin ve yükümlülüklerin îslam açısından hükmünü araştıran fıkıh ilmi, dîne uygun fiili göstermesi bakımından Müslümanlara yardımcı olmaktadır. Bireyin hayatını tüm yönleri ile kuşatan bir inanç sisteminde, yeme-içme, giyinme-süslenme, eğlenme biçimleri, ev hayatı gibi karşılıklı hak unsuru taşımayan fiiller de îslam Hukuku'na konu olmaktadır. Özellikle Hanefî mezhebine ait fıkıh kitaplarında herhangi bir konu başlığı altında incelenmeyen, bireyin yaşamı içinde her an karşılaşabileceği problemler için yeni bir bölüm oluşturulmuştur. En yaygın kullanımı ile "kerâhiyet ve istihsan" adı verilen bu bölümün incelenmesi, yapılan çalışmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Değişen yaşam biçimi ve hayat şartları sebebi ile ortaya çıkan her yenilik doğrudan kabul edilemez. İslam'ın genel prensipleri ve öğretilerinin ışığında incelenir. Hükmü belirlenir. Dînî hassasiyetleri bulunan kimseler, yeni durumlar karşısında tavır belirlerken, inançlarına aykırı hareket etmemeye dikkat ederler. İslam âlimlerinin teklifi hükümlere getirdiği açıklamalar yanında, insan zihninde fiiller "serbest olanlar" ve "sakıncalı olanlar" şeklinde çok basit ikili bir ayrıma indirgenmiştir. İlgili fıkıh bölümüne ad olarak seçilen kelimeler de genel olarak bu ikili ayrımı yansıtır. "Dinen, ahlaken ve örfen hoş görülmeyen" anlamına gelen "kerâhiyet"; sosyal, dînî ve günlük yaşamda toplumun benimseyip güzel gördüğü davranışlar" anlamındaki "istihsan"; yasak ve serbest olan şeyler anlamında "hazr ve ibâha" ve "haramlar ve helaller" kavramları bu ikili ayrımı açıkça göstermektedir. Çalışmanın, daha verimli olması ve sağlam bir zemine oturması için öncelikle teklifi hükümler incelenmiştir. Burada mekruh, mendub ve mubah hükümlerinin kerâhiyet ve istihsan konuları ile yakından ilişkisi göze çarpmaktadır. Bununla birlikte mubah, helal ve caiz kavramlarının anlam genişlemesi ile insan zihnindeki "serbest olanlar"ı karşıladığı tespiti önemlidir. Klasik kaynaklarda bölümün işlenişi ve incelenmesi ele alındıktan sonra, bölümde yer alan konuların değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Ahlak, örf ve görgü kurallarının hukukla ve İslam Hukuku ile ilişkisi incelenmiş, zaman ve mekanın değişmesi ile değişen ahlak, örf ve görgü kurallarının, fıkha etki edebileceği ve bu etkinin sınırları aktarılmıştır. Çalışmada son olarak yeme-içme, giyinme-süslenme, günlük hayat ve sosyal yaşamla ilgili dönemimizde ortaya çıkan meselelerden örnekler verilmiştir. Bu örnekler yeni yazılacak bir fıkıh kitabında ilgili bölüme girmesi muhtemel konulardan seçilmiştir. Hakkında hüküm belirtilmeyen konuşlarda, esas olanın serbestlik olduğu âlimler tarafından bir ilke olarak benimsenir. Bu bakımdan yenilikler karşısında sürekli olumsuz bir tavır içinde olmak doğru değildir. İslamiyet'in genel prensipleri ve çizdiği sınırların dışına çıkmadığı müddetçe yaşamı kolaylaştıran yenilikleri desteklemek gerekir. İslâmî kuralların maslahat prensibini gözettiği unutulmamalıdır.
Religion is a set of rules that allows people to have a peaceful life by organizing their beliefs and behaviors. The difference of actions taken by religious motivation is, people believe in the righteousness of these actions. Since this belief is carried by the individual, all actions and contemplations have religious meaning and value. Associating value to his actions is the essential difference between mankind and other creatures. The science of FIQH that evaluates the accordance of actions and responsibilities to Islam helps Muslims by guiding them to righteous actions. In a belief system that covers all parts of individual's life, actions like eating, drinking, dressing entertainment, home life that are not considered in association to rights and responsibilities concept are also subject to Islamic Law. Especially, the FIQH books of Hanafi school includes a new section dedicated to ordinary daily issues an individual faces in his/her daily life, and that are not classified under any other section. This thesis mainly focuses on this section, most commonly known as "al-karahiyah and al-istihsan" Not every new thing created by changing life style, or life conditions, can be accepted directly. They are scrutinized based on the general principles and teachings of Islam. The judgment is made. Religious people pay attention to their actions, to not conflict with their faith when they face new circumstances. Besides the explanations offered by Islamic scholars on proposed judgments, actions are classified into two basic categories in human mind, namely, "allowed actions" and "avoided actions". The words chosen as the title of the section reflect this classification. The terms "al-karahiyah", meaning "actions that are frowned upon by religion or tradition "al-istihsan" meaning "actions that are embraced and valued by society", "khazar and Ibaha" meaning "banned and allowed actions" and "al-harams and al-halals" meaning "unlawful and lawful actions" also reflect the same classification. To have a sound basis for this thesis and to improve the efficiency, first the "proposed judgments" are studied. Here, close relationship of "mekruh, mendup and mubah" judgments to "al-karahiyah and al-istihsan" issues are noticeable. Moreover, it is important to observe that mubah, halal and jaiz concepts, after some extension of their meanings, match the "allowed things" concept of human mind. After studying how the section is covered in classical literature, topics of the section are evaluated. The relationship between "Moral values, orf and manners" and law and Islamic law is investigated. The fact that the changes on moral values, and manners caused by the change on time and location might affect FIQH judgments as well as the limits of these effects are covered. Finally, some examples are presented from issues we face in our daily life, while eating, drinking, dressing etc. The chosen examples are most likely to be covered in that new section of fiqh books, if a new one is prepared. Scholars stated that, permissibility is the default case for issues that were not discussed or have no judgments. From this angle, it is not right to have a continuous opposing stance against new issues. As long as the new things do not conflict with the general principles and boundaries determined by Islam, new things that bring convenience to our lives should be supported. It is important to recall that Islamic rules embrace the principle of al-maslahat (the good of society).
Religion is a set of rules that allows people to have a peaceful life by organizing their beliefs and behaviors. The difference of actions taken by religious motivation is, people believe in the righteousness of these actions. Since this belief is carried by the individual, all actions and contemplations have religious meaning and value. Associating value to his actions is the essential difference between mankind and other creatures. The science of FIQH that evaluates the accordance of actions and responsibilities to Islam helps Muslims by guiding them to righteous actions. In a belief system that covers all parts of individual's life, actions like eating, drinking, dressing entertainment, home life that are not considered in association to rights and responsibilities concept are also subject to Islamic Law. Especially, the FIQH books of Hanafi school includes a new section dedicated to ordinary daily issues an individual faces in his/her daily life, and that are not classified under any other section. This thesis mainly focuses on this section, most commonly known as "al-karahiyah and al-istihsan" Not every new thing created by changing life style, or life conditions, can be accepted directly. They are scrutinized based on the general principles and teachings of Islam. The judgment is made. Religious people pay attention to their actions, to not conflict with their faith when they face new circumstances. Besides the explanations offered by Islamic scholars on proposed judgments, actions are classified into two basic categories in human mind, namely, "allowed actions" and "avoided actions". The words chosen as the title of the section reflect this classification. The terms "al-karahiyah", meaning "actions that are frowned upon by religion or tradition "al-istihsan" meaning "actions that are embraced and valued by society", "khazar and Ibaha" meaning "banned and allowed actions" and "al-harams and al-halals" meaning "unlawful and lawful actions" also reflect the same classification. To have a sound basis for this thesis and to improve the efficiency, first the "proposed judgments" are studied. Here, close relationship of "mekruh, mendup and mubah" judgments to "al-karahiyah and al-istihsan" issues are noticeable. Moreover, it is important to observe that mubah, halal and jaiz concepts, after some extension of their meanings, match the "allowed things" concept of human mind. After studying how the section is covered in classical literature, topics of the section are evaluated. The relationship between "Moral values, orf and manners" and law and Islamic law is investigated. The fact that the changes on moral values, and manners caused by the change on time and location might affect FIQH judgments as well as the limits of these effects are covered. Finally, some examples are presented from issues we face in our daily life, while eating, drinking, dressing etc. The chosen examples are most likely to be covered in that new section of fiqh books, if a new one is prepared. Scholars stated that, permissibility is the default case for issues that were not discussed or have no judgments. From this angle, it is not right to have a continuous opposing stance against new issues. As long as the new things do not conflict with the general principles and boundaries determined by Islam, new things that bring convenience to our lives should be supported. It is important to recall that Islamic rules embrace the principle of al-maslahat (the good of society).
Description
Keywords
Kerâhiyet, İstihsan, Hazr, îbâha, Mekruh, Mubah, al-karahiyah (dislike-hate), al-Istihsan ( approwal-sanction), khazar ( banning-prohibiting), al-Ibaha ( permission-allowing), makruh ( misfortune-adversity), mubah ( permissible-permitted-allowable)
Citation
Satoğlu, F. B. (2004). İslam Hukukunda istihsan ve kerâhiyet. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.