II. Abdülhamid döneminde Bursa'da sosyal hayat (1876-1909)
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Date
2011-09-16
Authors
Kumaş, Nursal
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bursa, Osmanlı Devleti döneminde; ticari, sosyal ve kültürel yönleriyle önemli bir konuma sahipti. 19.yüzyılda görülmeye başlayan yenileşme hareketleri, şehrin sosyal hayatını canlandırdığı gibi sosyal yapısını da yeniden şekillendirmeye başlamıştır. Çalışma dört ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, sosyal hayata ait birtakım istatistiki veriler, tablo ve grafiklerle desteklenmiş, bu dönemin demografik yapısı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin cemaatleri dini inanışlara göre ayırma eğilimi göz önüne alınmış ve Bursa’da yaşayan halk, Müslim-gayrimüslim olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Müslümanların aile ve din hayatlarına ilişkin çeşitli faaliyetler de yine bu bölümde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, “Sosyal Faaliyetler” başlığı altında, Bursa halkının yaşam mekânları olan kahvehaneler, mesire yerleri, eğlence mekânları ile sosyal yardımlaşma üzerinde durulmuştur. II. Abdülhamid döneminde Bursa’da eğitim alanında bir hareketlilik yaşanmıştır. Bir taraftan yeni usul eğitim veren okullar açılırken, bir taraftan da Osmanlı Devleti’nin klasik okulları olan mektep ve medreseler etkinliğini sürdürmeye devam etmiştir. Özellikle idâdîlerin çeşitlenmesi, Bursa’nın ekonomik ve sosyal hayatı üzerinde olumlu etkilere yol açmıştır. Müslümanlara yönelik olarak açılan okulların yanında gayrimüslimler de bu dönemde eğitim alanında önemli girişimlerde bulunmuşlardır. Her cemaat kendi okulunu kurmuş ve üstelik bu okullarda o dönem için modern sayılabilecek bir eğitim vermişlerdir. Üçüncü bölümde, söz konusu dönem içinde etkinlik gösteren Müslim-gayrimüslim okullar ele alınarak incelenmiş; tiyatro, sergi, müze ve yerel basın faaliyetleri ile de şehrin kültürel haritası çizilmeye çalışılmıştır. Kamu hizmetleri ve ticari faaliyetler ise dördüncü bölümün konu başlıklarıdır. Osmanlı Hükümeti tarafından şehre atanan ileri görüşlü ve yetenekli yöneticiler, şehrin fiziki durumunda iyileştirme yapmak için yoğun bir inşaat ve tamirat işlemleri süreci başlatmışlar, şehre yeni sokak ve caddeler kazandırmışlardır. Bu nedenle, bu bölümde “Ulaşım” başlığı altında, belediyenin çalışmalarına geniş bir yer ayrılmıştır. Şehir ekonomisinin can damarını teşkil eden ipekböcekçiliği ise, sosyal hayat boyutu ile ortaya konulup değerlendirilmiştir. 19.yüzyılda bir taşra kenti görünümünde olan Bursa’da, ipekçilik endüstrisi alanında ortaya çıkan değişim ve toplumsal alanda devlet eliyle gerçekleştirilen yenileşme hareketlerinin, Bursa sosyal hayatı üzerinde nasıl bir şekillendirici rol oynadığı, bu çalışma ile ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Bursa had an important position by means of its commercial, social and cultural aspects in the Ottoman period. Reformation movements, which began in 19th century, have raised up social life in the city, as it have also started to reshape social structure of the city. This research consists of four sections. In the first section the numerical aspect of social life has been supported with tables and graphics, in an attempt to present the demographic structure of the period. Ottoman State’s tendency to seperate communities by means of religious beliefs has been taken into consideration and the people living in Bursa have been classified as Muslims and non-Muslims. We have focused on various religious and family activities of the Muslims again in this section. In the second section of the research, life areas of people of Bursa, such as coffee houses, recreation spots, places of entertainment and welfare have been put emphasis on under the title of “Social Activity”. In the Abdulhamid II period, an activity on educational matters has been observed. While new way schools have been opened on one hand, on the other, the classical type of Ottoman schools have continued to exist. Especially, increase in variety of idadi’s has made a positive effect on Bursa’s economic and social life. Besides new schools for the Muslims, non-Muslims have also made important attempts on educational aspects. Each community has built its own schools and moreover, has applied a modern way of teaching for that period. In this third section, schools which were active in the so-called period were analysed and it has been aimed to draw a cultural map of the city with theatres, exhibitions, museums and local press. In the fourth section, Public services and commercial activities are other subtitles of this section. The farsighted and capable officals who were appointed by the Ottoman Government have started an intensive building and restoration process in order to improve physical condition of city and have added new streets and roads to it. So, in this section, under the title “Communication and municipality activities”, works of the local government has been studied deeply. The main economic activity of the city, sericulture is studied by means of its social aspects. In this research, we have tried to work out how, the changes in sericultural industry and the reformation movements carried out by the state, has shaped the social life of the city, which was a country city in the 19th century.
Bursa had an important position by means of its commercial, social and cultural aspects in the Ottoman period. Reformation movements, which began in 19th century, have raised up social life in the city, as it have also started to reshape social structure of the city. This research consists of four sections. In the first section the numerical aspect of social life has been supported with tables and graphics, in an attempt to present the demographic structure of the period. Ottoman State’s tendency to seperate communities by means of religious beliefs has been taken into consideration and the people living in Bursa have been classified as Muslims and non-Muslims. We have focused on various religious and family activities of the Muslims again in this section. In the second section of the research, life areas of people of Bursa, such as coffee houses, recreation spots, places of entertainment and welfare have been put emphasis on under the title of “Social Activity”. In the Abdulhamid II period, an activity on educational matters has been observed. While new way schools have been opened on one hand, on the other, the classical type of Ottoman schools have continued to exist. Especially, increase in variety of idadi’s has made a positive effect on Bursa’s economic and social life. Besides new schools for the Muslims, non-Muslims have also made important attempts on educational aspects. Each community has built its own schools and moreover, has applied a modern way of teaching for that period. In this third section, schools which were active in the so-called period were analysed and it has been aimed to draw a cultural map of the city with theatres, exhibitions, museums and local press. In the fourth section, Public services and commercial activities are other subtitles of this section. The farsighted and capable officals who were appointed by the Ottoman Government have started an intensive building and restoration process in order to improve physical condition of city and have added new streets and roads to it. So, in this section, under the title “Communication and municipality activities”, works of the local government has been studied deeply. The main economic activity of the city, sericulture is studied by means of its social aspects. In this research, we have tried to work out how, the changes in sericultural industry and the reformation movements carried out by the state, has shaped the social life of the city, which was a country city in the 19th century.
Description
Keywords
Abdülhamid II, Bursa, Sosyal hayat, Eğitim, Nüfus, Gayrimüslimler, Ulaşım, Tiyatro, Abdulhamid II, Social life, Education, Population, Non‐Muslims, Arrival, Theater
Citation
Kumaş, N. (2011). II. Abdülhamid Döneminde Bursa'da sosyal hayat (1876-1909). Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.