Kant felsefesinde Tanrı düşüncesinin aksiyomatikliği
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Date
2010-03-19
Authors
Fidan, Osman Muzaffer
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Mısırlıların elinde ampirik bir bilim olarak doğan matematik Eukleides tarafından aksiyomlar üzerinde yükselen dedüktif bilim olarak kuruldu. Aksiyomlar matematiğin temellerini oluşturur İki binyıldan fazla bir süre tartışmasız bir şekilde otoritesini kabul ettiren Eukleides geometrisi 18. yy.da Kant tarafından yeni bir anlayışla açıklandı. Kant'a gelinceye kadar bir analitik özellik taşıyan matematik, Kantla beraber sentetik özellik kazandı. Kant matematiği sentetik a priori olarak açıklamakla kalmadığı epistemolojisini de bu sentetik a priori kavramının üzerine kurdu. Deneye dayanmayan ancak varlığını deney dünyasında kanıtlayabilen yargı anlamına gelen sentetik a priori teorik akıl eleştirisi boyunca aklanmaya çalışılan kavramdır. Felsefesini sentetik a priori kavramı üzerine kuran Kant, bilgiye ait olan her şeyi bu kavrama göre düzenledi. Sentetik kavramına uyan konular bilgiye konu olabilirken sentetik kavramı dışında kalan konular insanın bilebileceği şeylerin dışında kaldı.Sentetik a priori kavramı yanında bir takım kavramlar daha kullanan Kant'a göre bu kavramlar bilgiye konu şeylerin belirlenmesinde önemli bir görev üstlenirler. Bu kavramlar, algı, deneyim, bilgi aşamalarını izleyen bilgi nesnesinin ortaya konulmasında ve sentetik a priorinin belirginleştirilmesinde rol üstlenirler. a priori sezgi formları olan uzay ve zaman, kategoriler, fenomen- numen, şemalar ve ideler bu temel kavramlardandır.Tanrı kavramı Kant felsefesinde epistemolojinin doğal bir sonucu ve ahlak düşüncesinin bir postulatı olarak gündeme gelmektedir. Zira Kant bilmeye konu olarak matematik ve fizik dışında metafiziğin konularının da bilgi nesnesi olup olmadığını araştırır. Metafiziği bilim olarak kurmayı deneyen Kant bunun olanaksız olduğunu gösterip aynı zamanda onun konularının da bilgi nesnesi olmanın ötesinde olduğunu ortaya koyar.Tanrı kavramı konusunda teorik akıl açısından bilinemezci bir tavır takınan Kant pratik akıl açısından ahlaki davranışların bir garantörü olarak O'nun varlığını temellendirir. Ahlaki davranışların bir garantörü olarak var olan Tanrı bu yönü ile imanın konusu olmaktadır.Eukleides geometrisi içerisinde barındırdığı güçlüklerin kesin bir tarzda belirginleşip ve sıkı bir eleştiriye tabi tutulması ile asırlardır devam ettirdiği otoritesini 19. yy.da kaybetmiştir. Ortaya konulan yeni geometri anlayışlarının en az Eulkleides'çi geometri kadar geçerli olduğunun ortaya konması ile eski geometrinin mutlakıyetinin yıkımında geri dönülemez bir hal almıştır. Kendi zamanın bilimsel paradigmasına göre bir felsefi sistem olarak kurulan Kant felsefesi 19. yy. da matematikte ve devamında tabiat bilimlerinde meydana gelen bu eleştiriler ve ilerlemelerle temel dayanağını kaybetmiştir. Temelleri sarsılan eleştiri felsefesi trajik bir biçimde kendi yapmak istediği her şeyi kritik ederek gerçeğe ulaşma düşüncesinin kurbanı olmuştur. Günümüzde matematik ve geometri artık Kant'ın iddia ettiği gibi sentetik a priori değil, birincisi analitik ikincisi ampirik bir bilimdir.Tanrı Hakkında teorik akıl açısından bilinemezci bir tavrın aksine günümüz astrofizik ve kuantum fiziği Tanrı'nın hakkında olumlu olarak konuşabilmektedir. Tanrı artık bilimsel çalışmalar ışığında varılan sonuçlar açısından insanoğlunun bilgi alanının bir konusu olabilmektedir.
Mathematics, breaking through as an emprical science in the hands of Egyptians, was established on axioms as a deductive science by Eukleides. Axioms provide a basis for Mathematics. Euclidean geometry, which got its mastery accepted by people indisputably for more than two thousand years, was explained with a new perception by Kant in the 18th century. Mathematics, conveying analytical feature before Kant, began to convey synthetical feature. Kant, not only interpreted mathematics as a synthetical a priori, but also established his epistemology on this concept. Sythetical a priori, which means being valid independently of observation, is a concept (which is) tried to be cleared through theoretical criticism of reason. Kant, who established his philosophy on the concept `synthetical a priori', organized everything related to knowledge according to it. While the subjects in accordance with the concept ` synthetic' could be subject to knowledge, the subjects which are out of synthetic concept were recognized as the knowledge staying out of the things the humanbeings can know.According to Kant, using a set of concepts except of `synthetic a priori', these concepts have a very crucial role to identify the things subject to knowledge. These concepts take a role in putting forward the object of knowledge following the process of perception, experience and information. Space and time, categories, phenomenon- noumenon, schemas and ides; which are the intution forms of a priori, are some of these main concepts.In the philosophy of Kant, the concept `God is a natural result of epistemology and a postulate of the thought of morality, because Kant investigates that except of Maths and Physics, the metaphysical subjects are object of knowledge or not. Kant, trying to establish metaphysic as a science, points out that is impossible and the metaphysical subjects are beyond to become the object of knowledge.In respect of the concept `God, Kant takes an agnostical manner in terms of teorical reason and he takes the existence of God as the guarantee of the moral behaviors in terms of practical reason. The God, existing as a guarentee of the moral behaviours, in this respect becomes the subject of faith.The Euclidean geometry lost its authority (which had been) lasting for centuries, in 19th century after its difficulties became absolute and it was criticized strictly. When the new geometry perceptions were proved to be as valid as Euklidean geometry, it bacame irrevocable. Kants philosophy which was established as a philosophycal system according to the scientific paradigmas of his contemparary term, lost its fundamental base in the 19th century as a result of the criticisms and developments in Mathematics and Natural Science. The criticism philosophy tragically became the victim of the thought of finding the fact by criticising everything. Nowadays, Mathematics and geometry arent synthetic a priori as Kant claimed, but they are accepted firstly analytical and secondly empiric science.About the `God, from the point of theorical reason, astrophysics and physics of quantum descibe positively on the contrary of an agnostical manner. The `God' can be the subject of the knowledge field of humanbeings in the light of scientific researches.
Mathematics, breaking through as an emprical science in the hands of Egyptians, was established on axioms as a deductive science by Eukleides. Axioms provide a basis for Mathematics. Euclidean geometry, which got its mastery accepted by people indisputably for more than two thousand years, was explained with a new perception by Kant in the 18th century. Mathematics, conveying analytical feature before Kant, began to convey synthetical feature. Kant, not only interpreted mathematics as a synthetical a priori, but also established his epistemology on this concept. Sythetical a priori, which means being valid independently of observation, is a concept (which is) tried to be cleared through theoretical criticism of reason. Kant, who established his philosophy on the concept `synthetical a priori', organized everything related to knowledge according to it. While the subjects in accordance with the concept ` synthetic' could be subject to knowledge, the subjects which are out of synthetic concept were recognized as the knowledge staying out of the things the humanbeings can know.According to Kant, using a set of concepts except of `synthetic a priori', these concepts have a very crucial role to identify the things subject to knowledge. These concepts take a role in putting forward the object of knowledge following the process of perception, experience and information. Space and time, categories, phenomenon- noumenon, schemas and ides; which are the intution forms of a priori, are some of these main concepts.In the philosophy of Kant, the concept `God is a natural result of epistemology and a postulate of the thought of morality, because Kant investigates that except of Maths and Physics, the metaphysical subjects are object of knowledge or not. Kant, trying to establish metaphysic as a science, points out that is impossible and the metaphysical subjects are beyond to become the object of knowledge.In respect of the concept `God, Kant takes an agnostical manner in terms of teorical reason and he takes the existence of God as the guarantee of the moral behaviors in terms of practical reason. The God, existing as a guarentee of the moral behaviours, in this respect becomes the subject of faith.The Euclidean geometry lost its authority (which had been) lasting for centuries, in 19th century after its difficulties became absolute and it was criticized strictly. When the new geometry perceptions were proved to be as valid as Euklidean geometry, it bacame irrevocable. Kants philosophy which was established as a philosophycal system according to the scientific paradigmas of his contemparary term, lost its fundamental base in the 19th century as a result of the criticisms and developments in Mathematics and Natural Science. The criticism philosophy tragically became the victim of the thought of finding the fact by criticising everything. Nowadays, Mathematics and geometry arent synthetic a priori as Kant claimed, but they are accepted firstly analytical and secondly empiric science.About the `God, from the point of theorical reason, astrophysics and physics of quantum descibe positively on the contrary of an agnostical manner. The `God' can be the subject of the knowledge field of humanbeings in the light of scientific researches.
Description
Keywords
Sentetik a priori, Aksiyomlar, Kategoriler, Şemalar, Sezginin formları, Numen-fenomen, İdeler, Postulat, Teorik ve pratik akıl, Synthetic a priori, Axioms, Categories, Schemas, Ides, Phenomenon- noumenon, Forms of intution, Theorical and practical reason
Citation
Fidan, O. M. (2010). Kant felsefesinde Tanrı düşüncesinin aksiyomatikliği. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.