Nasır sonrası dönemde Müslüman kardeşler: İşbirliği ve çatışma döngüsünde rejimle ilişkiler
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Date
2014-07-23
Authors
Terzi, Özge Gökçen
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Çalışmanın temelini modern İslami hareketlerin öncüsü olarak kabul edilen ve Hasan el-Benna tarafından kurulan Müslüman Kardeşler'in rejimle olan ilişkileri oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada Müslüman Kardeşler Hareketi'nin 1952 Devrimi sonrası üç Mısır hükümeti ile yaşadığı inişli çıkışlı siyasi ilişki ve ayrıca Arap Baharı sonrasında ki bir yıllık kısa iktidar dönemi incelenmektedir. Analiz çerçevesi olarak konstrüktivizmin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada ilişkilerin uzlaşı ve tavizlerle başladığı ancak daha sonra çatışmaya dönüştüğü görülmüştür. Gerek işbirliğinden çatışmaya doğru evrilen bu ilişkinin dönüm noktalarında gerekse Ârap Baharı sonrasında iktidara gelen Müslüman Kardeşler'in 3 Temmuz'da bir darbe ile yönetimine son verilmesinde, iktidarların çıkarları doğrultusunda belirlediği kimlikler ve kimlikleri doğrultusunda yeniden şekillendirdikleri çıkar algılarının önemli bir etken olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Konstrüktivistlere göre devletlerin de bireyler gibi kimlikleri ve bununla orantılı olarak değişen çıkarları vardır ve kimlik ve çıkarlar devletlerin davranışlarına yön vermektedir. Mısır siyasal tarihine bakıldığında da iktidarların kimlik tercihlerinin onların gerek iç gerekse dış politikalarına yansıdığı görülmektedir. Nasır'ın politikalarını Arap milliyetçiliği kimliği belirlemiş ve ülkenin Batı karşıtı bir pozisyon almasına neden olmuştur. Sedat ise iktidarının meşruluğunu sağlamak adına önce İslami kimliğini ön plana çıkarmış, daha sonra bu kimliği öteki olarak ilan ederek politika üretmeye çalışmıştır. Sorunlarını Batı karşıtı bir kimlikle değil de ABD'nin desteğini alarak çözebileceğini düşünen Sedat, İsrail ile anlaşma masasına oturmuştur. Mübarek döneminde Batı yanlısı kimlik korunmuş ve ülke ABD'nin müttefiki olarak tanımlanmıştır. Kısa süren Mursi iktidarında ise İslami kimlik yeniden gün yüzüne çıkmış fakat gerek ülke içi gerekse uluslararası camia da meşruiyet sorunu yaşamaya devam etmiş en nihayetinde de bir darbeyle iktidarına son verilmiştir.
The main purpose of this paper is to examine The Muslim Brotherhood (al Ikhwan al-Muslimun), which was founded by Hassan al- Banna in 1928 and considered as pioneer of most of the modern Islamic movements, and its relations with the regime. Accepted as one of the significant actors in the political life of Egypt, the Society of the Muslim Brothers, its uncertain relations with three Egyptian governments in the post 1952 coup period and its short term in power in the post Arab Spring Era have been analyzed. In this study, where the relations with the regime examined from the analytical perspective of constructivism, it has been seen that although the early nature of relationship included some reconciliations and compromises, it turned into a conflictual one at the end. Both in the turning points of this relationship from cooperation to confrontation, and in toppling down of the Muslim Brotherhood by a coup d'état on July 3, it has been observed that identities of governments shaped by their own interests and their perception of interest reshaped in line with their identities have had a crucial role, too. Constructivists claim that states, like individuals, have identities and changing interests in accordance with their identities. Identities and interest determine attitudes of states. When we look at the history of Egypt, it can be seen that identity choices of governments were reflected in both domestic and foreign politics. Arab nationality determined Nasr's policies, and lead to anti-Western policies. Sadat initially brought Islamic identity fore front to ensure his legitimacy, and then tried to make politics rendering this identity the other. Sadat who thought that he could resolve problems thanks to American support sat around the table with Israel in order for reaching accordance. Pro-Western identity was preserved during the Mubarak reign, and the country was seen as an alliance of the USA. Islamic identity was remerged during the short-term Mursi reign yet he suffered from legitimacy both internally and externally, and eventually he was overthrown by a coup.
The main purpose of this paper is to examine The Muslim Brotherhood (al Ikhwan al-Muslimun), which was founded by Hassan al- Banna in 1928 and considered as pioneer of most of the modern Islamic movements, and its relations with the regime. Accepted as one of the significant actors in the political life of Egypt, the Society of the Muslim Brothers, its uncertain relations with three Egyptian governments in the post 1952 coup period and its short term in power in the post Arab Spring Era have been analyzed. In this study, where the relations with the regime examined from the analytical perspective of constructivism, it has been seen that although the early nature of relationship included some reconciliations and compromises, it turned into a conflictual one at the end. Both in the turning points of this relationship from cooperation to confrontation, and in toppling down of the Muslim Brotherhood by a coup d'état on July 3, it has been observed that identities of governments shaped by their own interests and their perception of interest reshaped in line with their identities have had a crucial role, too. Constructivists claim that states, like individuals, have identities and changing interests in accordance with their identities. Identities and interest determine attitudes of states. When we look at the history of Egypt, it can be seen that identity choices of governments were reflected in both domestic and foreign politics. Arab nationality determined Nasr's policies, and lead to anti-Western policies. Sadat initially brought Islamic identity fore front to ensure his legitimacy, and then tried to make politics rendering this identity the other. Sadat who thought that he could resolve problems thanks to American support sat around the table with Israel in order for reaching accordance. Pro-Western identity was preserved during the Mubarak reign, and the country was seen as an alliance of the USA. Islamic identity was remerged during the short-term Mursi reign yet he suffered from legitimacy both internally and externally, and eventually he was overthrown by a coup.
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Keywords
Kimlik, İç politika, Dış politika, Mısır, Müslüman kardeşler, Identity, Foreing policy, Domestic politics, Egypt, Muslim brotherhood
Citation
Terzi, Ö. G. (2014). Nasır sonrası dönemde Müslüman kardeşler: İşbirliği ve çatışma döngüsünde rejimle ilişkiler. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.