Sinop, Samsun ve Trabzon'da kolera salgınları, karantina teşkilatı ve kamu sağlığı hizmetleri (1876-1914)
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Date
2015-11-05
Authors
Yaşayanlar, İsmail
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu tez çalışmasının ana hedefi XIX. yüzyılda büyük pandemiler halinde dünyaya yayılan ve Osmanlı coğrafyasında epidemiler halinde kendini gösteren kolera hastalığı ile mücadelede belediyecilik, karantina ve kamu sağlığı uygulamalarının kurumsallaşma sürecini Sinop, Samsun ve Trabzon kentleri örneklerinde incelemektir. Kolera özellikle demografik ve ekonomik hareketliliğin yoğun olduğu, kentsel altyapı ve üstyapı sorunları bulunan kentlerde sıklıkla görülen bir salgın hastalıktır. Bu bağlamda Sinop, Samsun ve Trabzon hem sosyal ve ticari hareketliliğin yoğun olduğu hem de altyapı ve üstyapı sorunlarıyla boğuşmaları sebebiyle, koleranın yayılması için uygun ortam teşkil etmiştir. Bu çalışma Osmanlı Devleti'nde özellikle Meşrutiyet döneminden itibaren sağlık alanında modernleşme teşebbüsleri, kamu sağlığı pratiklerinin uygulamaya konulması ve karantina teşkilatının kolerayla mücadeleye uygun bir hale getirilmesi sürecine de ışık tutmaktadır. Bu tez çalışması sonuçları itibariyle koleranın tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Osmanlı Devleti'nde de kamu sağlığı uygulamalarını hayata geçirmede en büyük tetikleyici olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Karantina teşkilatının kolera ile mücadeleye uygun olarak revize edilmesi, tahaffuzhanelerin klasik tecrit yapılarından modern dezenfeksiyon merkezlerine dönüşmesi, taşra hekimlerinin merkezden tayin edilmesi ve halkın faydalanabileceği hastane yapılarının inşasına başlanması sürecinde koleranın kurumsal gelişime pozitif bir ivme kazandırdığı aşikardır. Ancak Sinop, Samsun ve Trabzon örneklerinde de görüldüğü üzere Osmanlı Devleti, kolerayla mücadele karşısında köktenci çözümler üretmek ve uygulamalar yapmak yerine, anı kurtaran, geçici nitelikte kriz yönetimi uygulamaları ile hastalığı önlemeye çalışmıştır. Bu durum kentsel hijyenin tesis edilememesi, halka temiz içme suyunun sağlanamaması, altyapı ve üstyapı sorunlarının giderilememesi sebebiyle kolera gibi ancak yüksek ısıda yok edilebilen bir bakterinin yol açtığı hastalığın tekrar tekrar Osmanlı şehirlerinde salgın halini almasına sebep olmuştur.
The main objective of this thesis is to study the examples of the institutionalization process of the municipality works, the quarantine and public healthcare enforcements in the cities of Sinop, Samsun and Trabzon in the fight against cholera which spread throughout the world as great pandemics and emerged as epidemics over the Ottoman geography in the 19th century. Cholera is a contagious disease which usually appears in cities where there is intense demographic and economic activity, and also in cities with a poor infrastructure and superstructure. In these terms, Sinop, Samsun and Trabzon, where there was intense activity both socially and commercially and where the infrastructure and superstructure was a major issue, constituted a favorable environment for the rapid spread of cholera. This study also provides an insight to the Ottoman State's modernization efforts in the field of healthcare particularly since the Constitutional Era, the implementation of public health practices and the process of improving the quarantine service to the level conformable for the battle against cholera. As a result, this thesis study reveals that cholera was the major factor in the development and introduction of public healthcare in the Ottoman State, as it was in the whole of the world. The revision of the quarantine service in accordance with demands in the struggle against cholera, transforming the quarantine stations from classic isolation areas into modern disinfection bases, the posting of doctors to rural areas from the base and commencement in the construction of hospital buildings beneficial to the people clearly provided pace in the institutional developments in cholera. However, as it appears in the examples of Sinop, Samsun and Trabzon, the Ottoman State attempted to prevent the spread of this disease with crisis management enforcements of a temporary nature rather than generating and implementing permanent solutions. As a result, the failure to establish urban hygiene, provide clean drinking water to the people and eliminating problems in the urban infrastructure and superstructures was the reason for the recurrence in outbreaks of a disease such as cholera in Ottoman cities caused by bacteria that could be eliminated when subjected to boiling at high temperatures.
The main objective of this thesis is to study the examples of the institutionalization process of the municipality works, the quarantine and public healthcare enforcements in the cities of Sinop, Samsun and Trabzon in the fight against cholera which spread throughout the world as great pandemics and emerged as epidemics over the Ottoman geography in the 19th century. Cholera is a contagious disease which usually appears in cities where there is intense demographic and economic activity, and also in cities with a poor infrastructure and superstructure. In these terms, Sinop, Samsun and Trabzon, where there was intense activity both socially and commercially and where the infrastructure and superstructure was a major issue, constituted a favorable environment for the rapid spread of cholera. This study also provides an insight to the Ottoman State's modernization efforts in the field of healthcare particularly since the Constitutional Era, the implementation of public health practices and the process of improving the quarantine service to the level conformable for the battle against cholera. As a result, this thesis study reveals that cholera was the major factor in the development and introduction of public healthcare in the Ottoman State, as it was in the whole of the world. The revision of the quarantine service in accordance with demands in the struggle against cholera, transforming the quarantine stations from classic isolation areas into modern disinfection bases, the posting of doctors to rural areas from the base and commencement in the construction of hospital buildings beneficial to the people clearly provided pace in the institutional developments in cholera. However, as it appears in the examples of Sinop, Samsun and Trabzon, the Ottoman State attempted to prevent the spread of this disease with crisis management enforcements of a temporary nature rather than generating and implementing permanent solutions. As a result, the failure to establish urban hygiene, provide clean drinking water to the people and eliminating problems in the urban infrastructure and superstructures was the reason for the recurrence in outbreaks of a disease such as cholera in Ottoman cities caused by bacteria that could be eliminated when subjected to boiling at high temperatures.
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Keywords
Kolera, Kamu sağlığı, Karantina, Sinop, Samsun, Trabzon, Cholera, Public health, Quarantine
Citation
Yaşayanlari İ. (2015). Sinop, Samsun ve Trabzon'da kolera salgınları, karantina teşkilatı ve kamu sağlığı hizmetleri (1876-1914). Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.