2021 Cilt 21 Sayı 2
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Item Open Access Arı poleni proteinleri ve fonksiyonel özellikleri(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-09-22) Bakkaloğlu, ZeynepBal ve arı ürünlerinden biri olan polen arılar için önemli besin kaynaklarındandır. Polen özellikle ergin, yaşlı ve larva dönemindeki arıların beslenmesinde protein, vitamin ve mineral madde gibi ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması için kullanılmaktadır. Polen içerisindeki protein oranı ile arıların beslenmesinde temel protein ihtiyacını karşıladığı için kovana yeterli düzeyde alınmalı ve uygun şartlarda depolanmalıdır. Arı poleni insan sağlığı için besleyici ve terapötik özelliklere sahiptir. Apiterapide, ilaç sanayinde, gıda endüstrisinde, arı yetiştiriciliğinde, hayvan yemi olarak, kozmetik sanayinde ve polinasyon çalışmaları gibi geniş bir kullanıma sahip arı poleninin fonksiyonel etkileri henüz tam olarak bilinememektedir. Arı poleninin teknik açıdan fonksiyonel gıda maddesi olarak olası kullanımı, fiziksel, kimyasal ve teknofonksiyonel özelliklerinin bilinmesine bağlıdır. Ancak arı polenlerinin çeşitli alanlarda kullanımında bu etkileri gözardı edilmektedir. Bunun nedeni arı polenlerinin toplandığı mevsim ve bölgeye bağlı olarak protein içeriğinin değişmesi ve bu değişimin polen proteinlerinin fonksiyonel özellikleri üzerine etkilerinin net şekilde ortaya konmamasıdır. Bu derleme ile literatür bilgileri ışığında, arı poleni proteinleri ve sahip oldukları fonksiyonel özelliklere temel oluşturulmuş ve daha fazla araştırma yapılmasına dikkat çekilmesi hedeflenmiştir.Item Open Access The possible effects of heavy metals in honey as toxic and carcinogenic substances on human health: A systematic review(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-09-23) Manouchehri, Aliasghar; Pirhadi, Mohadeseh; Shokri, Samira; Khaniki, Gholamreza Jahed; Shamaei, Shabnam; Miranzadeh, Mohammad HasanHeavy metals are widely known through natural resources, natural resources such as soil, dust in the atmosphere, snow and rain. Soil contaminants, especially heavy metals, can be absorbed by plants and enter the food cycle. Heavy metal contamination causes environmental concerns, such as entering the food chain and contaminating food, which can be harmful to human health. Consumption of food contaminated with heavy metals can cause several disorders including genetic toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity, endocrine disorders, immune problems and impaired psychosocial function. Bees also absorb heavy metals through the consumption of contaminated water, pollen, and nectar, inhalation of particles during flight, and adhesion of particles to their hairy body as they move on plant and soil surfaces while searching for food. For this review study, keywords such as heavy metals and honey were used. The databases searched in those articles were Google Scholar, SID, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and ISI. The searched articles were reviewed. Given that honey is a valuable and widely consumed food in the diet of most people in different nations, so the study of the quality of honey in the consumer market in order to maintain the health of consumers seems necessary.Item Open Access Evaluation of botanical extracts for the management of greater wax moth, galleria mellonella linnaeus (Lepidoptera: pyralidae) under stored conditions(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-10-11) Paulraj, Sabatina; Govindasamy, Umapathy; Pernamallur, Saravanan AyyaswamiIn an experiment conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four botanical extracts (Solvent extraction) viz., Sweet flag (Acorus calamus), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), Medicinal Coleus (Coleus forskohlii) in comparison with three Essential oils (Steam distillation) viz., Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), Peppermint (Mentha piperita) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, it was observed that Sweet basil, O. basilicum at 5% was found to be effective against G. mellonella with a maximum of 89.29% larval mortality followed by Sweet flag (A. calamus) with 65.71% mortality. Medicinal coleus, (C. forskohlii) with 56.66% mortality and Turmeric (C. longa) with 45.47% mortality in the descending order of efficacy. Among essential oils tried, Peppermint oil (M. piperita) has resulted in 80.24% larval mortality, followed by Eucalyptus oil (E. globulus) with 69.05% mortality and Lemongrass oil, C. citratus (50.48%). The botanical treatment with Sweet basil, O. basilicum (21.81%) resulted in minimum comb weight loss by G. mellonella followed by Sweet flag, A. calamus (29.04%). Among the essential oil, Peppermint oil, M. piperita (24.56%) afforded less comb weight loss, indicating the effectiveness of treatment in controlling the larval damage.Item Open Access Foraging activity of managed bee pollinator (Apis cerana indica) in bitter gourd cropping system in india(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-10-17) Murali, Narmadha Kamatchi; Ayyaswami, Saravanan Pernamallur; Govindasamy, Umapathy; Muthusamy, VelmuruganHoney bees play an important role in crop pollination of bitter gourd flowers. An experiment was conducted at Coimbatore District to observe the foraging activity and pollination efficiency of Indian bee (A. cerana indica) in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). The foraging activity and number of foragers/ flower/ min was recorded in male and female bitter gourd flower. Bitter gourd fruit set and yield was assessed under three conditions pollinator exclusion, bee pollination and open pollination. No. of foragers/ flower/ minute (abundance of pollinators) and floral handling time in seconds (foraging rate) of Indian bees recorded on male flower (0.88 bees) and (6.52 sec) was higher than in female flower (0.57 bees) and (3.61 sec) respectively. The peak foraging activity of A. cerana indica noticed between 08:00-10:00 hours with 1.2 foragers/ 5 mins. Pollination efficiency index of Indian bee was 747035.5. Foraging activity at the hive entrance was maximum at 08:00 to 10:00 hours. Colony growth parameter of A. cerana indica was increased 67.85% in respect of the sealed honey area and 15.07% in respect of the adult population. The results of pollination studies show, the number of fruits/plant (17.4 fruits) and fruit yield per hectare (41.13 t/ha) was higher in managed bee pollinated plot than to open pollination condition (16.2 fruits) and (37.25 t/ha) and no fruit set was recorded in pollination exclusion condition.Item Open Access Effects of the isolation conditions on morphology and performance of honey bees(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-10-15) Kelany, Mahmoud M. H.; Shaara, Hossam F. AbouKeeping honey bee colonies in isolated areas can cause inbreeding. The inbreeding over a long period is good for the purity of bee subspecies but also has some negative effects including the low performance of colonies. This study was performed on hybrid honey bee colonies placed in an isolated location for about five years to check the effects of inbreeding on them. The bees were able to mate with each other during this period of time without introducing new bee queens or bee packages. Some morphological characteristics and parameters were studied to test the purity of the bees and the presence of any negative effects due to inbreeding. The results showed the presence of variations between studied colonies without any negative effects on bee morphology, hygienic behavior, bee larvae development, brood rearing activity, and food storing activity. The study highlighted the absence of deleterious effects on honey bees due to inbreeding under isolation conditions.Item Open Access A microscopy and molecular studies of nosema ceranae infection in Mazandaran province of Iran(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-10-19) Shirzadi, Ali; Gholamreza, RazmiNosema ceranae as a fungal parasite has been reported from the Apis mellifera in all continents. It causes reduced longevity, depopulation, decreased production, and colony losses in honeybee colonies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of N.ceranae in the apiaries of Mazandaran province. In this study, we randomly selected 320 hives from thirty-two apiaries and collected twenty old honeybees from the apiaries. The collected samples were examined by microscopy and molecular methods. The results of the microscopic examinations showed that 78.12% of apiaries were infected with Nosema spp. In addition, N. ceranae was identified 84.37% of apiaries by PCR, while no samples were infected by N. apis. Blast analysis of the sequenced samples confirmed the presence of N. ceranae infection in the apiaries. Based on the obtained results, a high frequency of N.ceranae was detected in apiaries in Mazandaran province.Item Open Access Palynological analyses, chemical and mineral composition of some honeybee pollen pellets(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-10-12) Bay, Veysel; Topal, Erkan; Çakıcı, Neslihan; Yıldızdal, İsmail; Tosunoğlu, Aycan; Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi/Biyoloji Bölümü.; 0000-0003-2303-672XBee products have gained popularity in recent years as food, dietary supplements and adjuvant products due to their extraordinary health properties. Globally, bee pollen is the second most consumed product after honey, has a special importance as a male reproductive unit of flowers, as well as a rich nutrient material, as it contains the oral secretions of the honeybee. In this study, palynological identification of bee pollen collected from apiaries from different regions was made. The bee pollen content was found to be consisting of dry matter between 71.47-81.38%, protein between 17.5-26.0%, fat 5.84-10.95%, and ash content 2.02-2.44%. Moreover, the most common mineral elements in pollen were calcium, potassium, magnesium, silicium, sodium and iron. Besides, heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium and lead have been detected in bee pollen samples that is a result of the increased environmental pollution and have negative effects on health. Therefore, in bee pollen production, identification, determination of nutritional quality and standardization of pollen are very important for producers and consumers.Item Open Access Antibacterial effects of Anatolian propolis on paenibacillus larvae(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-09-20) Sevim, Elif; Bozdevedi, Arif; Pınarbaş, Müberra; Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Akpınar, Rahşan; Keskin, Merve; Kolaylı, Sevgi; Karaoğlu, Şengül AlpayPaenibacillus larvae (P. larvae) is a pathogenic bacterium causing American Foulbrood Disease (AFB) in honeybee larvae. It is necessary to develop alternative strategies for the control of this disease due to the serious honeybee colonies loses and the use of antibiotics. Recent studies are aimed at the investigating natural fighting agents against P. larvae. In our study, it was aimed to demonstrate potential antibacterial efficacy of ethanol extract of Anatolian Propolis (EAP) against P. larvae strains PB35 and SV35 which were isolated in Turkey. The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of EEAP were determined as 181.73±5.20 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g, and 42.33±1.40 mg Quercetin Equivalents (QE)/g, respectively. It was found that EAP contains different amounts of ferulic, caffeic, coumaric acids, rutin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). The antibacterial activity of the EAP was determined by using agar-well diffusion, microdilution, and Bioscreen C techniques. The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values of the EAP were determined as 74.87 μg/ml against strain PB35 and SV35 using both microdilution and Bioscreen C teqnique. In both techniques, Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of the EAP were evaluated as 149 and 598.4 μg/ml against strain PB35 and SV35, respectively. The fact that EAP shows low concentrations of bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericide (MBC) activity values against P. larvae strains, spore-forming bacilli, which are agents of AFB disease, suggests that it may be a potential source in AFB disease control.Item Open Access Physicochemical analysis of sunflower honey from Bulgaria(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-09-18) Manolova, Vanya; Parvina, Ivayla; Stefanova, Todorka Yankovska; Balkanska, RalitsaPhysicochemical properties of 27 sunflower honey samples from Bulgaria were investigated. The botanical origin of the samples was ascertained by pollen analysis. The honey samples displayed relative frequencies of Helianthus annuus L. pollen up to 41%. The ranges for water content (15.60– 19.30%), reducing sugars (72.51–80.80%), sucrose (0.50–3.70%), diastase (9.00–20.80 Gothe units), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), (0.69–12.40 mg/kg), total acidity (17.70–36.00 meq/kg), electrical conductivity (0.23–0.48 mS/cm), proline (218.50 – 679.50 mg/kg), specific rotation (-20.20–(-12.30)) [α]D 20 were obtained. The results obtained also suggest that these honey samples are of good quality. The results are in agreement with standards of quality established by national and international regulations. Significant moderate correlation between electrical conductivity and specific rotation was found (r=0.582, p<0.05).Item Open Access Determination of honey bee (apis mellifera) bacterial flora, cry gene analysis and honey bee health(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-09-06) Usta, MehtapBeekeeping provides important contributions to the agricultural economy and crop production through pollination both in Turkey and the world. It is evaluated that without bees, the plant production can decrease by 47%. Many factors affect honey production negatively. Among these reasons, besides diseases caused by microorganisms, diseases and dangers originating from organisms are at the forefront. Today, many methods are used in the control these pests and yet they are still unavoidable. Among these methods, the biological control method is not used commonly. The aim of the study is to create a basis for the development of biopesticides to control bee diseases. In this context, as a result of the study, 16 bacteria were isolated from honey bees. While, 12 bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus, two bacteria belonging to the genus Lysinibacillus, one bacterium belonging to the genus Paenibacillus and one bacterium belonging to the genus Pantoea were obtained. Molecular and biochemical identifications of these bacteria were done and registered in GenBank and their accession numbers were obtained. cry gene analyzes of 15 bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus were performed. As it is known, cry genes have the potential to be used against pests. In the future, these bacteria and their genes will have the potential to be used as biopesticides. According to these results, the cry1 gene was observed in 8 bacteria and the cry3 gene was observed in 3 bacteria. cry2 and cry4 genes could not be detected in these bacteria. Bacteria that including cry genes are of great importance for honey bee health. Bacteria have the potential to be developed as internal biopesticides and used against different bee diseases to improve honey bee health.Item Open Access Türkiye’de illere göre arıcılık etkinliğinin veri zarflama analizi ile belirlenmesi(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2021-07-06) Güler, DuranEkolojik dengeye sağladığı katkının yanı sıra kırsal alanda alternatif gelir kaynağı olması arıcılığın önemini artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki illerin arıcılık faaliyetindeki etkinliklerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmanın ana materyalini 81 ildeki bal ve bal mumu üretimi, arıcılık faaliyeti yapan işletme sayısı ve kovan sayısı verileri oluşturmaktadır. İllerin arıcılık faaliyetindeki etkinliklerini belirlemek amacıyla veri zarflama analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Analizde girdi değişkenleri olarak arıcılık faaliyeti yapan işletme sayısı ve kovan sayısı değerlendirilmiştir. Çıktı değişkenleri ise ilk modelde bal üretimi iken, ikinci modelde bal ve bal mumu üretimi olarak belirlenmiştir. Ordu ili her iki modelde de tam etkinliğe sahip olan iller arasında yer almaktadır. Toplam etkinlik değerleri birinci ve ikinci modelde sırasıyla 0,19 ve 0,30 olarak hesaplanmış olup, bu değerler Türkiye’de arıcılıktaki etkinliğin düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte işletme ölçeği büyük ve bal verimi yüksek illerde etkinlik değerinin yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu nedenle, arıcılıkta üreticilerin kovan sayılarını artırmalarına yönelik teşvik edici politikaların yürütülmesi önem arz etmektedir.