Hanefî mezhebinde mekruh kavramı, gelişimi ve tenzîhî-tahrîmî mekruh ayrımı
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Date
2010-07-26
Authors
Çakmak, Selma
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Teklifî hükümler kapsamında değerlendirilen mekruh kavramı haram kavramı ile olan yakın ilişkisi itibariyle ve gelişim sürecinde farklı anlamlara delalet edecek şekilde kullanması sebebiyle bu kavramın çerçevesi ve diğer teklifî hükümlerle ilişkisi önem arz etmektedir. Özellikle ilk dönem fıkıh eserlerinde haramı ya da hurmeti şüpheli olan şeyleri aynı zamanda bir şeyin yapılmasının hoş görülmediğini ifade etmek üzere kullanılan mekruh kavramı, hüküm anlayışının sistemleşmesi ile birlikte teklifî hükümler kapsamında değerlendirilerek cumhûr fukahânın benimsediği görüşe göre yapılmasında sevap terk edilmesinde ise günah olmayan hüküm şeklinde tanımlanmıştır. Hanefî mezhebi ise bu genel görüşten farklı olarak mezhep içerisindeki farz-vacip ayrımı ile örtüşecek biçimde mekruhu tenzîhî-tahrîmî mekruh şeklinde tasnîf etmişlerdir. Her ne kadar bu ayrım belirgin olarak müteahhîrûn dönemi usûl ve furu` eserlerinde yer almakta ise de ayrımın mezhebin genel karakteristiğine uygun bir biçimde sistemleştirildiği ve Hanefî mezhebinin şer`î delil yaklaşımı, zannî-kat`î delil ayrımı ile alâkalı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Zira Hanefî mezhebinin teklifî hükümleri tasnîfinde de hükmün dayanağı olan delilin sübût ve delâlet yönünden zannî ya da kat`î oluşu dikkate alınmaktadır. Ancak kat`î-zannî delil çerçevesinde ele alınan tenzîhî-tahrîmî mekruh ayrımında kat`î ve zannî olanın tespiti verilen hükmün doğru anlaşılması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu nedenle tahrîmî-tenzîhî mekruh ayrımı değerlendirilirken hükmün dayanağı olan delilin sübût ve delâlet yönünden ele alınması ve hükmün bağlantılı olduğu meselenin mahiyetinin de göz önünde bulundurulması gerekmektedir.
The notion makrooh, considered as part of the provisions of responsibility, appears to be an important phenomenon because of its close relation to the notion haraam and its historical use in a way to refer to different meanings and connotations during the process of its evolution. The notion makrooh, used in the earlier scholarly works in an effort to make reference to the haraam and to imply that it is not proper to commit actions which may potentially fall into the category of haraam, was in later periods incorporated in the scope of provisions of responsibility in connection with the systematization of the notion huqm; subsequent to this process of incorporation, the notion makrooh was defined by the majority of the Islamic scholars as something whose commission does not render thawab and whose avoidance does not entail ithm. Unlike this general view, the Hanafi sect has classified the notion of makrooh as tenzihi and tahrimi in a way to become consistent with the distinction between farida and wajeeb. Even though this distinction is evidently noticeable in the usul and furu’ works by the scholars of later period, the study finds that the distinction has been systemized in accordance with the general characteristics of the sect and that the Hanafi sect’s evidence approach is related to the Qat’i and Zanni evidence. From this point of view, it could be said that in Hanafi sect, the makrooh tenzihi corresponds to mandoob whereas makrooh tahrimi to wajeeb or the sunnah considered as strong as wajeeb. However, in the tenzihi-tahrimi makrooh distinction made with reference to the Qat’i-Zanni evidence, detection of what constitutes the Zanni and the Qat’i is particularly important for the sake of proper inferences on the final provision. For this reason, in the assessment of the distinction between makrooh tahrimi and makrooh tenzihi, it is necessary to consider the evidence, support base for the final provision, in terms of certitude and implication as well as the content and spirit of the issue to which the provision is connected.
The notion makrooh, considered as part of the provisions of responsibility, appears to be an important phenomenon because of its close relation to the notion haraam and its historical use in a way to refer to different meanings and connotations during the process of its evolution. The notion makrooh, used in the earlier scholarly works in an effort to make reference to the haraam and to imply that it is not proper to commit actions which may potentially fall into the category of haraam, was in later periods incorporated in the scope of provisions of responsibility in connection with the systematization of the notion huqm; subsequent to this process of incorporation, the notion makrooh was defined by the majority of the Islamic scholars as something whose commission does not render thawab and whose avoidance does not entail ithm. Unlike this general view, the Hanafi sect has classified the notion of makrooh as tenzihi and tahrimi in a way to become consistent with the distinction between farida and wajeeb. Even though this distinction is evidently noticeable in the usul and furu’ works by the scholars of later period, the study finds that the distinction has been systemized in accordance with the general characteristics of the sect and that the Hanafi sect’s evidence approach is related to the Qat’i and Zanni evidence. From this point of view, it could be said that in Hanafi sect, the makrooh tenzihi corresponds to mandoob whereas makrooh tahrimi to wajeeb or the sunnah considered as strong as wajeeb. However, in the tenzihi-tahrimi makrooh distinction made with reference to the Qat’i-Zanni evidence, detection of what constitutes the Zanni and the Qat’i is particularly important for the sake of proper inferences on the final provision. For this reason, in the assessment of the distinction between makrooh tahrimi and makrooh tenzihi, it is necessary to consider the evidence, support base for the final provision, in terms of certitude and implication as well as the content and spirit of the issue to which the provision is connected.
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Keywords
Hanefî mezhebi, Hüküm, Teklifî hüküm, Kat‘î-zannî delil, Tenzîhî-tahrîmî mekruh, Hanafi sect, Provision, Provision of responsibility, Qat’i-Zanni evidence, Tahrimi-tenzihi makrooh
Citation
Çakmak, S. (2010). Hanefî mezhebinde mekruh kavramı, gelişimi ve tenzîhî-tahrîmî mekruh ayrımı. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.