Uluabat gölü su kalitesinin izlenmesi
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Date
2010-04-14
Authors
Katip, Aslıhan
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, ağır metallerin ve bazı iz elementlerin (As, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cd) Uluabat Gölü'nde, su kolonu, yüzey sedimenti, Esox lucius (Turna) ve Cyprinus carpio (Sazan) dokularındaki konsantrasyon seviyeleri 2008 Mayıs ile 2009 Mayıs tarihleri arasında aylık olarak incelenmiştir. Suda çözünmüş ve askıda katı maddeye tutunmuş halde bulunan formları, yüzey sedimentinde ise ağır metallerin ve bazı iz elementlerin toplam konsantrasyonları, mobil, kolay serbest hale geçebilen, Mn-oksitlere bağlı, organik maddeye bağlı ve kalıntı fraksiyonları incelenerek, sedimentten suya geçişleri ve balık dokularındaki birikimleri irdelenmiştir. Gölün farklı noktalarından, gölü besleyen ve boşalımını yapan akarsulardan ve noktasal kirlilik kaynaklarından alınan örneklerde ağır metaller, bazı iz elementler ve diğer su ve sediment kalitesi parametreleri ölçülmüştür. Ölçüm sonuçları Coğrafik Bilgi Sistemi ile haritalandırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Uluabat Gölü'nün su kalitesinin içme ve kullanma suyu açısından uygun olmadığı, sulama amaçlı olarak ihtiyatla kullanılabileceği, WHO ve EPA sınır değerlerine göre bazı metaller açısından toksik seviyede olduğu belirlenmiştir. İncelenen su ve sediment kalitesi parametrelerinin birbirleri ile ilişkili olduğu, hipertrofik seviyede olduğu belirlenen gölün iletkenlik, pH, sıcaklık ve %organik madde'nin, sedimentteki ağır metal ve iz element konsantrasyonlarını pozitif yönde etkilediği bulunmuştur. Noktasal kirlilik kaynaklarının ve meteorolojik parametrelerin etkilediği sıcaklık, AKM, NH4-N, TP, Cu, Ni, Fe ve Mn parametrelerinin su kolonu boyunca olan, çözünmüş halde, askıda katı maddeye tutunmuş halde ve sedimentte bulunan birçok ağır metal, iz element ve diğer su ve sediment kalitesi parametrelerinin istasyonlara göre olan değişimlerinin önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ağır metal ve iz elementlerin büyüklük sıralamaları çözünmüş halde bulunan metaller için B>Fe>Zn>Cr>Pb>Ni>As>Cu>Mn>Cd, askıda katı maddeye tutunmuş halde bulunan metaller için Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd>As ve sedimenttekiler için Fe>Mn>Ni>B>Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>As>Cd olarak belirlenmiştir. Sedimentteki fraksiyonlara göre yapılan değerlendirmelerde Cr ve Ni elementlerinin yüksek etki seviye sınırını aştığı, Mn, B ve Cu elementlerinin orta seviyede riskli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Suda çözünmüş halde bulunan As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb ve B'nin sedimentteki fraksiyonlarının biri ya da daha fazlası ile olan ilişkilerinin önemli ve pozitif bulunması bu metallerin suya daha kolay geçebileceklerini göstermiştir. Balıktaki birikimlerin mevsimlere ve dokulara göre değiştiği, genel olarak en yüksek konsantrasyonların ciğerde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Balık dokuları ile sedimentteki fraksiyonların konsantrasyonları arasındaki ilişkiler önemli bulunmuştur. Çözünmüş halde bulunan ve sedimentte mobil ve kolay serbest hale geçebilir fraksiyonların transfer katsayıları 1'den büyük bulunmuştur. Metallerin toksik etki sınır değerlerini aşmış olmaları nedeniyle balıkların tüketilmelerinin sınırlı olması gerektiği belirlenmiştir.
In the present study, water, surface sediment of heavy metals and some trace elements (As, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cd) in Uluabat Lake, the concentration levels of Esox lucius (Pike) ve Cyprinus carpio (Carp) tissues were investigated monthly between 2008 May and 2009 May. Mobilizing the heavy metals from sediments to water and bioaccumulation in fish tissues were examined. In water, their dissolved and particulate forms, in surface sediments, total concentration and residual forms of heavy metals and some trace elements, fractions which are mobile and can be released easily, bounded to Mn-oxide and organic matter were analyzed.The heavy metals taken from the samples of different parts of the lake, streams supporting and discharging the lake and point pollution sources, some trace elements and other water and sediment parameters were measured. The results of the measurement were mapped by Geographic Information System. According to the results obtained it was determined that the water quality of Uluabat Lake in terms of drinking and potable water was not appropriate, could be used cautiously as irrigation, was at toxic level in terms of certain metals according to WHO and EPA extreme value. It was found that examined water and sediment quality parameters were related each other, the lake determined at hypertrophic level affected conductibility, pH, heat and organic matter percentage, concentrations of heavy metal and trace elements in the sediment positively. It was stated that the change of heat, AKM, NH4-N, TP, Cu, Ni, Fe and Mn parameters affected by the point pollution sources and meteorological parameters throughout the water column and the change of heavy metals, trace elements in the form of ÇH, AKMT and sediment and other water and sediment quality parameters according to the stations were important. The size orders of heavy metals and trace elements were determined as B>Fe>Zn>Cr>Pb>Ni>As>Cu>Mn>Cd for dissolved forms of metals, Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd>As for metals in the particulate forms, and Fe>Mn>Ni>B>Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>As>Cd for those in sediments.In the evaluation considering sediment fractions, it was found that Cr and Ni elements exceeded severe effect level, Mn, B and Cu elements were risky at medium level. The fact that the relationship between dissolved As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and B and one of their fractions or more in the sediment was important and pozitive showed that these metals could be more permeable to the water. It was stated that bioaccumulations in fish changed according to the seasons and tissues and generally the highest concentrations were in liver. It was found out that the relationships between fish tissues and the concentrations of fractions in sediments were important. It was also seen that transfer coefficients of fractions which are dissolved and which are mobile and can be released easily were higher than 1. It was determined that fish consumptions should be limited because the metals were exceeded the toxic effect extreme values.
In the present study, water, surface sediment of heavy metals and some trace elements (As, B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cd) in Uluabat Lake, the concentration levels of Esox lucius (Pike) ve Cyprinus carpio (Carp) tissues were investigated monthly between 2008 May and 2009 May. Mobilizing the heavy metals from sediments to water and bioaccumulation in fish tissues were examined. In water, their dissolved and particulate forms, in surface sediments, total concentration and residual forms of heavy metals and some trace elements, fractions which are mobile and can be released easily, bounded to Mn-oxide and organic matter were analyzed.The heavy metals taken from the samples of different parts of the lake, streams supporting and discharging the lake and point pollution sources, some trace elements and other water and sediment parameters were measured. The results of the measurement were mapped by Geographic Information System. According to the results obtained it was determined that the water quality of Uluabat Lake in terms of drinking and potable water was not appropriate, could be used cautiously as irrigation, was at toxic level in terms of certain metals according to WHO and EPA extreme value. It was found that examined water and sediment quality parameters were related each other, the lake determined at hypertrophic level affected conductibility, pH, heat and organic matter percentage, concentrations of heavy metal and trace elements in the sediment positively. It was stated that the change of heat, AKM, NH4-N, TP, Cu, Ni, Fe and Mn parameters affected by the point pollution sources and meteorological parameters throughout the water column and the change of heavy metals, trace elements in the form of ÇH, AKMT and sediment and other water and sediment quality parameters according to the stations were important. The size orders of heavy metals and trace elements were determined as B>Fe>Zn>Cr>Pb>Ni>As>Cu>Mn>Cd for dissolved forms of metals, Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cu>Cd>As for metals in the particulate forms, and Fe>Mn>Ni>B>Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>As>Cd for those in sediments.In the evaluation considering sediment fractions, it was found that Cr and Ni elements exceeded severe effect level, Mn, B and Cu elements were risky at medium level. The fact that the relationship between dissolved As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and B and one of their fractions or more in the sediment was important and pozitive showed that these metals could be more permeable to the water. It was stated that bioaccumulations in fish changed according to the seasons and tissues and generally the highest concentrations were in liver. It was found out that the relationships between fish tissues and the concentrations of fractions in sediments were important. It was also seen that transfer coefficients of fractions which are dissolved and which are mobile and can be released easily were higher than 1. It was determined that fish consumptions should be limited because the metals were exceeded the toxic effect extreme values.
Description
Keywords
Uluabat Gölü, Ağır metal ve iz element fraksiyonları, Su kalitesi, Ötrofikasyon, Sediment, Esox lucius, Cyprinus carpio, Toksik etki seviyesi, Uluabat Lake, Heavy metal and trace element fractions, Water quality, Eutrophication, Toxic effect level
Citation
Katip, A. (2010). Uluabat gölü su kalitesinin izlenmesi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.