Osmanlı tarihinde bazı faizsiz kredi uygulamaları ve Modern Türkiye’de faizsiz bankacılık tecrübesi
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Date
2007
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Publisher
Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Osmanlı Devleti’nde ilk faizsiz kredi uygulaması para vakıfları ile başlamıştır. Para vakıflarında, hayır amaçlı toplanan para fonu, Karz, Mudaraba, Murabaha ve Bidâa gibi yöntemlerle işletilmiş, elde edilen gelirler (rıbh) vakfın hayır yönüne sarf edilmiştir. En çok başvurulan Murabaha yönteminde piyasa rayiçleri gözetilerek, yıllık % 10-15 gibi kâr sınırlaması getirilmesi, ekonomiye uzun vadeli istikrar sağlamıştır. Beşeri hukukta, kullanılan bir kredinin teminatı olarak uygulanan “mülkiyeti muhafaza sözleşmeli ipotek”, borç vadesinde ödenmediği takdirde, alacaklıya doğrudan ipotekli mala el koyma hakkını vermektedir. İslâm fakihlerinin örf haline geldiğini söyledikleri, bey’ bi’l-vefa (mülkiyeti muhafaza kaydıyla satış sözleşmesi) ise, alınan bir kredinin güvencesi olarak yapılır ve kredi vadesinde ödenmediği takdirde, ipotekli malın mülkiyeti kendiliğinden alacaklıya intikal eder. Bazı ileri ekonomilerde başarıyla uygulanan risk sermayesi (venture capital), İslâm tarihinde geniş uygulama alanı bulan emek-sermaye ortaklığı (Mudaraba) dan başka bir şey değildir. Faizsiz bankacılıkta kâr-zarar tahvili (mukarada tahvili) çıkarmak yoluyla da fon oluşturulabilir. Mukarada tahvillerinin büyük bir bölümü ipotekle güvence altına alınarak, girişimcinin küçük bir sermaye ve yüksek kâr payı ile “Altın hisse” sahibi yapılması da mümkündür. 1975’te dünyada sadece bir tane olan faizsiz finans kurumu sayısı, bugün 300’ün üzerine çıkmıştır. Türkiye 1985 yılından itibaren “Özel Finans Kurumu” adıyla bu sektöre girmiş ve 2006 yılından itibaren de bu kurumların adı, “Katılım Bankası” olmuştur. Halen 4 tane katılım bankası faaliyet göstermektedir.
In the Ottoman practice of cash foundation, the charity funds were operated through interest-free methods such as qard, mudaraba, murabaha and bida’a and the income (ribh) was spent for philanthropy of cash foundation. To take into account the current market rates and to limit the benefit to %10-15 per year in the most common practice of murabaha, provided the long-term stabilization for the economy. The entrepreneur can hypothecate(the sell-contract mortgage under the condition of preservation of possession) his personal properties as the guarantee of the credit that is he employed. This kind of hypothecation which common use in human jurisprudence is applied as the deposit of saling on credit property. If one or more of the installments will not be paid the seller would retake the mortgated property. Bay al-Wafa which scholars say that it becomes tradition (the sell-contract mortgage under the condition of preservation of possession) is applied as deposit of the credit and if the credit will not be paid the possession of the mortgaged asset transfers to the creditor by automatically (ipso jure). Venture capital which has been applied successfully in some developed economies, is not different from the partnership of capital and labor (mudaraba) which was applied commonly in Islamic history In the interest-free banking the fund can be produced by the (tahwil al-muqarada) equity of profits and loss. In this way it is possible to make the entrepreneur have “golden shares” with low capital and high gain lot by getting under guarantee equity of profits and loss (mukarada tahvili) with mortgage. In 1975, there was just one or two interest-free banks in the world but today there are more than 300 interest-free banks in all over the world .Dating from 1985, Turkey took a step into this area under the name of “Özel Finans Kurumları” and this associations‘ names changed as “Katılım Bankası” in 2006. There are stil four active interest free banks (Katılım Bankası) in Turkey.
In the Ottoman practice of cash foundation, the charity funds were operated through interest-free methods such as qard, mudaraba, murabaha and bida’a and the income (ribh) was spent for philanthropy of cash foundation. To take into account the current market rates and to limit the benefit to %10-15 per year in the most common practice of murabaha, provided the long-term stabilization for the economy. The entrepreneur can hypothecate(the sell-contract mortgage under the condition of preservation of possession) his personal properties as the guarantee of the credit that is he employed. This kind of hypothecation which common use in human jurisprudence is applied as the deposit of saling on credit property. If one or more of the installments will not be paid the seller would retake the mortgated property. Bay al-Wafa which scholars say that it becomes tradition (the sell-contract mortgage under the condition of preservation of possession) is applied as deposit of the credit and if the credit will not be paid the possession of the mortgaged asset transfers to the creditor by automatically (ipso jure). Venture capital which has been applied successfully in some developed economies, is not different from the partnership of capital and labor (mudaraba) which was applied commonly in Islamic history In the interest-free banking the fund can be produced by the (tahwil al-muqarada) equity of profits and loss. In this way it is possible to make the entrepreneur have “golden shares” with low capital and high gain lot by getting under guarantee equity of profits and loss (mukarada tahvili) with mortgage. In 1975, there was just one or two interest-free banks in the world but today there are more than 300 interest-free banks in all over the world .Dating from 1985, Turkey took a step into this area under the name of “Özel Finans Kurumları” and this associations‘ names changed as “Katılım Bankası” in 2006. There are stil four active interest free banks (Katılım Bankası) in Turkey.
Description
Strasbourg Robert Schuman Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Strasbourg Şirketler Hukuku Araştırma Merkezi ile Avrupa Toplum, Hukuk ve Dinler Labaratuarı, CNRS/URS’un ortaklaşa 11 Ocak 2008 tarihinde Strasbourg kentinde düzenledikleri, “İslâmî Bankacılık ve Finans” konulu sempozyumda sunulmuş bildirinin gözden geçirilmiş halidir.
Keywords
Para Vakfı, Risk sermayesi, Venture capital, Faizsiz bankacılık, Katılım bankacılığı, Faiz, Cash foundation, Ventura capital, Interest-free banking, Interest, Entrepreneur
Citation
Döndüren, H. (2008). "Osmanlı tarihinde bazı faizsiz kredi uygulamaları ve Modern Türkiye’de faizsiz bankacılık tecrübesi". Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 1-24.