Fransız aydınlanması bağlamında materyalist varlık ve bilgi anlayışı
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Date
2020-07-09
Authors
Sylla, Ahamadou
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Fransız materyalistleri 18. yüzyıl felsefesine damga vuran büyük düşünürlerdir. 18. yüzyıl aynı zamanda Fransız materyalizminin altın çağdır. Onlar, felsefe tarihine ve modern batı düşüncesine ve bilimin paradigmasına büyük etki yapmışlardır. Fransız materyalistlerinin yaşadıkları dönemde, Kilise oldukça egemen ve sınırsız yetkilerle donanmış durumdaydı. Kilise'nin temel dogmasına karşıt tüm düşünce yapıtlarının basılmasına ve okunmasına engizisyon tarafından engel olunuyordu. Çoğu aydınlanmacı materyalistlerin eserleri yakılmakta, temsilcileri gözaltına alınmakta idi ve bu durum Fransız ihtilaline kadar şiddetini artarak devam etti. Fransız materyalistleri bazı ortak fikirleri benimsiyorlar ve zaman zaman da farklı fikirleri savunuyorlardı. Onların ortak düşünceleri, "tüm ön yargılardan uzak durmak, farklı düşünceler tolerans göstermek ve bütün kurumların ve düşünürlerin özeleştiri yapmalarını istemek" şeklindeydi. Onlar, eserlerini isimsiz veya takma adlarla yazıyorlar ve fikirlerinin bu şekilde yayılmasına gayret ediyorlardı. Fransız aydınlanma materyalistlerinin birçok eseri günümüze ulaşmıştır ve felsefenin alt disiplini yani siyaset, ahlak, estetik, eğitim ile ilgili özgün düşünceler içermektedir. Fransız aydınlanmacı materyalist filozoflar, varlığın ve bilginin sürekli madde konumunda olacağını, ancak maddeyle açıklanabileceğini, maddeyle inşa edilmeyen herhangi felsefi düşüncesinden bahsedilemeyeceğini dile getirmektedirler. Bu bağlamda, evren, insan ve diğer herhangi canlı ve cansız varlıklar, atom veya moleküler düzleminden, makro veya kütle düzlemine kadar her şey birer madde parçaları taşımaktadır. Tüm var olanların fonksiyonları, yasa ve hareketlik bilimiyle incelenebilmektedir. Bilgi ise, ancak duyum ve doğuştanlıktan arındırılmış bir zihin aracılıyla elde edilir ve söz konusu olan bilgi, aynı şekilde deneyim ve gözlem araçlarıyla doğrulanıp temellendirilmektedir. Bilgin amacı ve gayesi, refah ve mutluluktan başka bir şey olarak görülmemektedir. Bu çalışmada Fransız materyalistlerinin varlık ve bilgi anlayışları ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. Bunu gerçekleştirmek için bazı Fransız aydınlanmacı materyalist filozofların, (La Mettrie, Diderot, Helvétius, D'Holbach) çalışmaları incelenmiştir.
French materialists are great thinkers who marked the 18th century philosophy. The 18th century is also the golden age of French materialism. They have had a major impact on the history of philosophy and western modern thought and the paradigm of science. At the time of the French materialists, the Church was highly sovereign and equipped with unlimited powers. The Inquisition prevented the printing and reading of all intellectual works against the basic dogma of the Church. The works of most enlightened materialists were burned, their representatives were taken into custody, and this continued to increase in severity until the French revolution. French materialists adopted some common ideas and sometimes advocated different ideas. Their common thoughts were "to stay away from all prejudices, to tolerate different thoughts, and to ask all institutions and thinkers to self-criticize". They wrote their works with anonymous or pseudonyms, and were trying to spread their ideas in this way. Many of the French enlightenment materialists' works have survived to the present day and include the sub-discipline of philosophy, namely politics, morality, aesthetics, education and similar original thoughts. French enlightened materialist philosophers say that existence and knowledge will always be in the position of matter, but that it can be explained by matter, and that any philosophical ideas that are not built with matter cannot be mentioned. In this context, the universe, human and any other living and inanimate beings carry everything from the atomic or molecular plane to the macro or mass plane. The functions of all existing ones can be studied with the science of law and mobility. Knowledge is obtained only through a mind and innate purity of mind, and the knowledge in question is also verified and grounded by means of experience and observation tools. The purpose and aim of knowledge are not seen as anything but prosperity and happiness. In this study, the understanding of existence and knowledge of French enlightenment materialists will be presented. To achieve this, we aim to reveal the views of some French enlightenment materialist philosophers by examining the literature of La Mettrie, Diderot, Helvétius, D'Holbach.
French materialists are great thinkers who marked the 18th century philosophy. The 18th century is also the golden age of French materialism. They have had a major impact on the history of philosophy and western modern thought and the paradigm of science. At the time of the French materialists, the Church was highly sovereign and equipped with unlimited powers. The Inquisition prevented the printing and reading of all intellectual works against the basic dogma of the Church. The works of most enlightened materialists were burned, their representatives were taken into custody, and this continued to increase in severity until the French revolution. French materialists adopted some common ideas and sometimes advocated different ideas. Their common thoughts were "to stay away from all prejudices, to tolerate different thoughts, and to ask all institutions and thinkers to self-criticize". They wrote their works with anonymous or pseudonyms, and were trying to spread their ideas in this way. Many of the French enlightenment materialists' works have survived to the present day and include the sub-discipline of philosophy, namely politics, morality, aesthetics, education and similar original thoughts. French enlightened materialist philosophers say that existence and knowledge will always be in the position of matter, but that it can be explained by matter, and that any philosophical ideas that are not built with matter cannot be mentioned. In this context, the universe, human and any other living and inanimate beings carry everything from the atomic or molecular plane to the macro or mass plane. The functions of all existing ones can be studied with the science of law and mobility. Knowledge is obtained only through a mind and innate purity of mind, and the knowledge in question is also verified and grounded by means of experience and observation tools. The purpose and aim of knowledge are not seen as anything but prosperity and happiness. In this study, the understanding of existence and knowledge of French enlightenment materialists will be presented. To achieve this, we aim to reveal the views of some French enlightenment materialist philosophers by examining the literature of La Mettrie, Diderot, Helvétius, D'Holbach.
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Keywords
Mekanizm, Yasa, Atom, Organizasyon, Oluşum, Hareketlik, Mechanism, Law, Organization, Formation, Mobility
Citation
Sylla, A. (2020).Fransız aydınlanması bağlamında materyalist varlık ve bilgi anlayışı. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.