Bakterilerde kinolon direncinin genetiği
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Date
2010-06-24
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Uludağ Üniversitesi
Abstract
Bakteriyel direnç, tür çeşitliliği ve biyolojik etkileşim dolayısıyla genetik değişimlerin kolayca oluşabildiği genetik reaktörlerde ortaya çıkar. Son yıllarda kinolon direnci ve kalıntıları, bu gruptaki antibiyotiklerin yaygın kullanımı nedeniyle yoğun ilgi toplayan bir alandır. Kinolon direncinin oluşmasından sorumlu olan birkaç mekanizma vardır. Bu genetik mekanizmalar: kinolon direnci belirleyici bölgede meydana gelen gyrA ve ParC mutasyonları, qnr ve analogları tarafından plazmid aracılı direncin kodlanması ve bakteri membran proteinlerinin sayısını azaltarak düşük etkili bir direncin oluşmasına neden olan mar mutasyonlarıdır. Direncin aktarılabilir niteliğinin de olması dolayısıyla insan ve hayvan sağlığı genetik reaktörlerde kinolon direnç etmenlerinin çoğalmasından olumsuz etkilenir. Ayrıca, henüz somut bir kanıt sunulamamış olsa da çevrede bulunan kinolon kalıntıları direncin gelişmesine neden olabilir. Direncin insan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerindeki istenmeyen etkilerini ortadan kaldırmak için koruyucu önlemler alınmalıdır. Bunun için kinolon direncinin karakterize edilmesi önemlidir ve mevcut tedavi protokolleri in vitro farmakodinamik yöntemler yardımıyla geliştirilebilir.
Bacterial resistance emerges in genetic reactors in which genetic exchange may easily be taken place due to high bacterial diversity and biological interaction. Quinolone resistance and residues are taking more attention recently due to the wide use of these compounds. There are several mechanisms which are responsible for the emergence of quinolone resistance. These genetic mechanisms are mainly gyrA and ParC mutations on quinolone resistance determining region, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance which is encoded by qnr and its analogues, and mar mutations which may cause low level resistance by decreasing the number of bacterial membrane porins. Human and animal health is adversely affected by increasing the quinolone resistance determinants in the genetic reactors, since this resistance can be transferred between human and animal. In addition, quinolone residues in the environment can cause the emergence of resistance due to the selective pressure, even clear results could not be submitted to support those antibiotic residues play a role for the emergence of bacterial resistance, until recently. In order to eliminate unwanted effects of resistance on human and animal health, some preventive measures should be taken immediately. For this, characterization of quinolone resistance is important and in vitro pharmacodynamic models could be used to improve the available treatment protocols.
Bacterial resistance emerges in genetic reactors in which genetic exchange may easily be taken place due to high bacterial diversity and biological interaction. Quinolone resistance and residues are taking more attention recently due to the wide use of these compounds. There are several mechanisms which are responsible for the emergence of quinolone resistance. These genetic mechanisms are mainly gyrA and ParC mutations on quinolone resistance determining region, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance which is encoded by qnr and its analogues, and mar mutations which may cause low level resistance by decreasing the number of bacterial membrane porins. Human and animal health is adversely affected by increasing the quinolone resistance determinants in the genetic reactors, since this resistance can be transferred between human and animal. In addition, quinolone residues in the environment can cause the emergence of resistance due to the selective pressure, even clear results could not be submitted to support those antibiotic residues play a role for the emergence of bacterial resistance, until recently. In order to eliminate unwanted effects of resistance on human and animal health, some preventive measures should be taken immediately. For this, characterization of quinolone resistance is important and in vitro pharmacodynamic models could be used to improve the available treatment protocols.
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Keywords
Kinolon, Quinolone, Direnç, Genetik, Resistance, Genetic
Citation
Cengiz, M. (2010). "Bakterilerde kinolon direncinin genetiği". Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 55-60.